Across
- 1. Lotus Society: a secret society that began organizing to overthrow the Yuan Dynasty
- 3. Horde: Batu's army that pushed westward through Russia and then into Europe
- 4. an arrangement to receive cash, goods, or services now and pay for them in the future
- 7. Economy: using money rather than bartering with commodities like cowrie shells or salt
- 10. Ocean Slave Trade: slaves from eastern Africa were sold in northern Africa, the Middle east, and India. This led to African customs spreading throughout these areas
- 13. the four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose after the death of Genghis Khan
- 15. Compass: navigation tool for determining direction that allowed ships to travel without following the coast
- 17. Bow: a versatile weapon that provided the Mongol cavalry with superior range, accuracy, and mobility, contributing to their military dominance and conquests
- 18. a central component of Mongol society, characterized by their mobile lifestyle, reliance on animal husbandry, and skilled horsemanship, which enabled the Mongols to establish a vast empire through their expertise in mounted warfare and strategic mobility
- 19. of Exchange: documents stating the holder was legally promised payment of a set amount on a set date
- 22. continual eating of grasses or their roots without allowing them to regrow which led to abandonment of cities outside of Great Zimbabwe in the late 1400s
- 23. Mongolica: the period of Mongolian peace between the 13th and 14th centuries
- 25. settlements of people away from their homeland arising from trade
- 27. Rudders: invented by the Chinese and made steering ships easier and more stable
- 28. invented in China in the 9th century; used in siege warfare like cannons in the Song Dynasty
- 29. Trade: route across the Sahara Desert; traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels and camel saddles were crucial in the development of these trade networks; facilitated the spread of Islam
- 31. Weapons: portable towers and catapults
- 32. Money: a system of credit developed in China that allowed a person to deposit money at one location and withdraw it at another
- 33. Diffusion: the spread of ideas, religions and products often resulting from trade
Down
- 2. a military unit consisting of approximately 10,000 soldiers, led by a commander known as a noyan, and formed the backbone of the Mongol military organization during their conquests
- 4. groups of people traveling together for mutual protection, often with pack animals such as camels
- 5. Ships: Arab ships with lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design; facilitated trade in the Indian Ocean networks
- 6. Bubonic Plague: Mongol conquests brought fleas that carried the bubonic plague to Asia and Europe
- 8. Houses: issued bills of exchange; model for modern banks
- 9. heavy winds that affected trade routes in the Indian Ocean
- 11. Hanseatic League: a commercial alliance that formed between northern German cities and Scandinavia in the 13th century
- 12. Sail: triangular shaped sail that could catch wind from many different directions
- 14. Saddle: saddles developed by South Arabians as the use of the camel spread
- 16. a fine blue and white ware from China
- 20. Chinese sailing ship that developed during the Song Dynasty
- 21. (or caravansary): inns that popped up about 100 miles apart (the distance camels could go before they needed water) along the routes of the Silk Roads
- 24. an instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars
- 26. meeting of Mongol chieftains in 1206 where Temujin "Genghis Khan” was elected khan of the Mongolian Kingdom
- 30. Script: system of writing that Genghis Khan adopted for the Mongol Empire
- 31. Erosion: overuse of farmland and deforestation reduced agricultural production in feudal Europe