Unit 3

2. the first stage of photosynthesis, where light energy is captured by pigments like chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH
4. a metabolic pathway that breaks down one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules, releasing a net gain of two ATP and two NADH molecules
6. a process that alters a molecule's structure, such as a protein or DNA, causing it to lose its original shape by disrupting bonds like hydrogen and disulfide bonds
9. the second stage of photosynthesis where carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP and NADPH produced during the light-dependent reactions
10. a series of chemical reactions that releases energy stored in nutrients
11. each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, and arranged in stacks or grana

1. the metabolic process in living organisms by which oxygen is combined with carbon in a cell to form carbon dioxide and generate energy
3. the primary method by which cells generate ATP, the main energy currency
5. the process used by plants, algae, and some bacteria to convert light energy into chemical energy creating their own food
7. proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in the body without being consumed
8. an anaerobic process that converts carbohydrates into alcohol or acids