Across
- 5. Formerly enslaved Black Senator who was also a Civil War hero who stole a Confederate ship, liberated 15 people and helped change Lincoln’s mind about Black men serving in the armed forces. Later bought the house of his enslaver.
- 8. laws that said a voter did not have to pay the poll tax if their grandfather had been allowed to vote.
- 10. started her own vocational school, the National Training School for Women and Girls in Washington, D.C., in 1909. key figure in the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) and became its president in 1924.
- 11. liberated formerly enslaved people
- 17. a plan aimed to redistribute about 400,000 acres of land between South Carolina and Florida to newly freed African American families in segments of 40 acres.
- 22. imprisoning people for not having a stable job or income.
- 25. author of the Black National anthem, "lift every voice and sing"
- 28. Republicans traded Southern Dems: we get the presidency, you get reconstruction era federal troops out of the US South .
- 32. A way, for the first time, people could legally strengthen their family bonds and create their own family units separate from intervention by white supremacy.
- 33. (1865–1877), the federal government sought to reintegrate the former Confederate states and to establish and protect the rights of free and formerly enslaved African Americans, granting them citizenship, equal rights, and political representation in American government.
- 34. Internal conflict experienced by subordinated groups in an oppressive society.
- 36. local and state-level statutes passed primarily (but not exclusively) in the South under the protection of the Supreme Court’s decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).limited African American men’s right to vote and enforced the racial segregation of hospitals, transportation, schools, and cemeteries.
- 37. founded in 1816 as the first Black Christian denomination in the United States, key for organizing the Black freedom movement.
- 38. represents the emotional toll of concealing pain in a racist society.
- 39. the first African American to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1895. A scholar and activist, a leading figure in the early civil rights movement, advocating for the advancement of African Americans through higher education and political engagement.
Down
- 1. Describes racial discrimination and legalized segregation that remained in the United States after the abolition of slavery.
- 2. the legal case that established segregation was legal as long as facilities were "separate but equal," reinforcing racial segregation across the country.
- 3. defined the principle of birthright citizenship in the United States and granted equal protection to all people, overturning the Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) Supreme Court decision and related state-level Black codes.
- 4. (1865) officially abolished slavery, or involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime.
- 6. lowest point of American race relations. This period included some of the most flagrant public acts of racism (including lynching and mob violence) in United States history.
- 7. prohibited the federal government and each state from denying or abridging a citizen’s right to vote “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”
- 9. prisoners were imprisoned for debt, which meant they were forced to work to pay off debt. Prisoners were often lent out to wealthy farmowners for slavery.
- 12. a system of credit, taking a loan from the landowner by promising to pay a certain amount out of their future crop.lead farmers into a vicious cycle of debt.
- 13. a barrier that distorts the way African Americans see themselves and how they are seen by others.
- 14. Feminist, Activist, Journalist, co-founder of the NAACP, leader in the suffragist movement, teacher, ICONIC author of "The Red Record"
- 15. the number of African Americans who joined public office during Reconstruction.
- 16. A white terrorist group that rose to prominence in the post-Reconstruction era to disenfrancise Black voters and communities through any means, including acts of extreme violence, bombing, arson, and murder.
- 18. The US president who betrayed Reconstruction by pulling federal troops from the South and refusing reparations.
- 19. Federal agency that provided relief, food, shelter, and education to the 4 million “refugees” of slavery, reuniting families and offering housing.
- 20. The first civil rights advocacy group, challenging racial injustice through legal action, and fighting discrimination.
- 21. transformed access to higher education and professional training, which allowed many to rise out of poverty and become leaders in all sectors of society. Created spaces for cultural pride, activism.
- 23. People with guns preventing racist terrorism of Black communities, ensuring the right to vote for Black people.
- 24. a major source of protection for and by Black communities started to re-elect Lincoln.
- 26. required payment for voting.
- 27. Beginnings of the movement against segregation on public transit.
- 29. the first woman millionaire in the United States, developed hair products that highlighted the beauty of Black people.
- 30. Born enslaved, walked over 600 miles to get an education as a young man. Founded Tuskegee Institute in 1881, focusing on vocational (job skills) education for Black Americans.
- 31. tests given at the discretion of poll clerks who would routinely make Black voters have to pass one while white voters were given a pass.
- 35. restrictive laws that undermined the newly gained legal rights of Black people including limiting their options for property ownership and requiring them to enter into unfair labor contracts.