Across
- 2. A labor activist fighting for miners, fair wages, and safe conditions. She led strikes, opposed child labor, and co-founded the IWW. Jones became an iconic voice for working-class resistance during industrialization.
- 4. Of 1882 barred Chinese laborers from immigrating and becoming citizens for a decade. It was the first major U.S. race-based immigration law, reflecting economic and racial fears. Its impact lasted until 1943, shaping future immigration policy.
- 5. Used both gold and silver as currency, aiming to stabilize the economy. It was central to late 19th-century political debates between farmers and industrialists.
- 8. Founded in 1867, was the first national farmers’ organization, promoting agricultural methods and rural reform. It pushed for cooperative businesses and railroad regulation. The Grange also served as a community and educational hub for farmers.
- 10. Ended the spoils system, requiring federal jobs to be earned through merit-based exams. It prohibited firing or soliciting political contributions from employees. The law professionalized government and reduced political corruption.
- 11. The 1890 massacre marked the end of armed Native American resistance in the Plains. It symbolized U.S. oppression and the devastating impact of forced assimilation.
- 16. Upheld state regulation of private businesses that served the public, like grain elevators. The court allowed states to set rates even under the Fourteenth Amendment. The decision supported early economic regulation and limited corporate power.
- 17. Is when a company controls all steps of production, from raw materials to distribution. Carnegie used it in steel, improving efficiency and reducing costs. It increased market power but raised concerns about monopolies.
- 20. In 1887, it divided tribal lands into individual plots to force Native assimilation. It gave citizenship but undermined tribal structures, leading to the loss of 90 million acres to settlers. The act caused long-term cultural and economic harm to Native Americans.
- 25. (AFL): Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886, united skilled craft unions to fight for wages, hours, and conditions. It focused on practical gains through collective bargaining and strikes. The AFL became a dominant labor force, later merging with the CIO to shape modern unionism.
- 26. These treaties (1851 & 1868) tried to establish peace by setting tribal lands and compensating Native Americans for westward expansion. They largely failed, leading to loss of land, broken promises, and increased conflict with Plains tribes.
- 27. A metaphor for immigrants blending into a single American culture, popularized by Israel Zangwill. It symbolizes assimilation of diverse groups into one identity. Critics note it erases original cultures, inspiring alternative ideas like the "salad bowl" where cultures coexist more distinctly.
- 29. Applied "survival of the fittest" to society, justifying wealth, capitalism, imperialism, and racial hierarchy. It suggested the poor were naturally inferior, opposing government aid. Figures like Herbert Spencer promoted it to defend laissez-faire policies, influencing Gilded Age economics and social attitudes.
- 30. The Morrill Act (1862) granted federal land to states to build universities focused on agriculture and mechanics. It expanded education for the working class but used land taken from Indigenous peoples. It created the Land-Grant University system, shaping U.S. higher education.
Down
- 1. Built the Standard Oil monopoly, dominating the oil industry and exemplifying Gilded Age capitalism. He later became a major philanthropist, funding education, medicine, and science. His legacy combines both ruthless business practices and charitable influence.
- 3. The first president of the AFL, promoting worker rights through pragmatic, non-radical unionism. He emphasized higher wages, shorter hours, and safer conditions. Gompers built the AFL into a powerful, enduring labor organization in capitalist America.
- 6. Connected the East and West coasts, transforming trade, travel, and settlement. Completed in 1869, it enabled westward expansion and economic growth. The railroad also heightened conflicts with Native Americans and changed American society.
- 7. A vast frontier once called the "Great American Desert," later transformed into the nation’s breadbasket through farming and ranching. It shaped westward expansion, displaced Native Americans, and endured ecological challenges like the Dust Bowl.
- 9. A Lakota leader who resisted U.S. expansion and fought to protect Native lands. He led forces to victory at Little Bighorn and became a symbol of Indigenous resistance. His leadership and spiritual guidance made him an enduring figure in Native history.
- 12. Were community centers for immigrants and the urban poor, offering education, healthcare, and social services. Reformers lived alongside the community to understand and improve conditions. Famous examples include Hull House in Chicago.
- 13. This 1870s scandal involved railroad executives overcharging the government and bribing politicians. It became a symbol of Gilded Age corruption.
- 14. Founded the National Grange in 1867 to unite and educate farmers after the Civil War. It promoted cooperative farming, rural advocacy, and laid the groundwork for agricultural reforms.
- 15. Sought to assimilate immigrants by teaching English, civics, and American values. It intensified around World War I to encourage patriotism, often asking immigrants to abandon native traditions. Reformers aimed to integrate newcomers into U.S. society while promoting loyalty to the nation.
- 18. A socialist leader, labor organizer, and anti-war activist who fought for workers’ rights and ran for president from prison. He inspired unionism and economic reform despite limited political success. Debs left a lasting impact on labor movements and the push for social justice.
- 19. Favored native-born Americans over immigrants, fearing economic, cultural, and religious threats. It fueled laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act and political movements such as the Know-Nothings. Nativism often led to prejudice and discriminatioxn against new immigrant groups.
- 21. A three-time Democratic presidential candidate known for the "Cross of Gold" speech supporting farmers and bimetallism. He symbolized the rural, populist voice in late 19th-century politics and clashed with modernist culture in the Scopes Trial.
- 22. A steel magnate who exemplified the "rags-to-riches" American dream. He revolutionized steel production with efficient methods and later gave away much of his fortune to libraries, education, and peace, guided by his "Gospel of Wealth." Carnegie represents both industrial power and the rise of philanthropy in the Gilded Age.
- 23. Active in the 1870s-1880s, united farmers facing debt, low prices, and railroad abuses. It promoted cooperatives and political action, leading to the Populist Party. The movement sought to give farmers power against corporate and financial elites.
- 24. In 1862,it gave 160 acres of free land to settlers who lived on and farmed it for five years. It promoted westward expansion and offered land to women, immigrants, and former slaves. Many struggled, but the law opened opportunities for land ownership.
- 28. Founded Hull House, leading the settlement house movement and modern social work. She advocated for reforms like child labor laws, women’s suffrage, and public health, and won the Nobel Peace Prize. Addams helped bring resources to immigrant communities and influenced Progressive Era policies.