UNIT 4

5. organisms that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce their food from inorganic compounds; usually plants or bacteria
6. a measure of heat energy in food; equivalent to 1000 calories
8. organisms that obtain food by consuming other living things; usually animals or fungi
9. process that does not require oxygen
12. the process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen; produces lactic acid
14. first set of reactions in cellular respiration during which one molecule of glucose is transformed into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
15. saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts
17. series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions
19. a set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
20. light-absorbing molecules used by plants to gather the sun’s energy

1. a set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar; also called the Calvin cycle
2. second stage of cellular respiration in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions
3. cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
4. the ability to do work, typically gained by eating or sleeping
7. a process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen
9. the process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen; produces carbon dioxide and alcohol
10. compound used by cells to store and release energy
11. a process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
13. organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy
16. a process that requires oxygen
18. fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids