Across
- 1. The agricultural estate of land owned and managed by the lord and where peasants collectively worked for the lord.
- 7. A person who acts on behalf of the church and leads, organizes, manages, and helps run a group of dioceses in a large geographic region, which usually covers a heavily-populated county or less-populated state or province.
- 11. A contract that set forth a vassal’s actual legal obligations owed to a lord, as well as the extent of the vassal’s power and landholdings granted to him by the lord. Terms usually varied from vassal to vassal.
- 12. A person tasked with leading worship for, teaching, and helping to care for the spiritual needs of, believers in Jesus Christ at a parish. Other words used to describe them are priest, pastor, minister, and father.
- 13. A person who is legally bound to a piece of land, which meant that s/he could not leave the land without a lord’s permission, rights to him/her would be sold with the land, and s/he was entitled to protection by the lord.
- 16. A person who acts on behalf of the church and leads, organizes, manages, and helps run a group of parishes in a specified larger geographic area.
- 17. Ideals of what was acceptable and civilized behavior for nobles in the Middle Ages.
- 18. The official split in 1054 A.D. between the eastern (Byzantine/Eastern Orthodox) and western (Roman Catholic) church organizations that were viewed as having authority over the religious practices of Christians in the Middle Ages.
- 20. The political, economic, and social order that developed during the European Dark Ages and Middle Ages, which replaced empires and city-states in protecting people from outside threats and in governing people and disputes among them.
- 22. A single group of people in a small geographic area who follow the teachings of Jesus Christ and who meet regularly to learn about Christ’s life, ask for help and guidance from the Holy Spirit, and worship and praise God and Jesus Christ.
- 23. A man who lives his life cut off from ordinary human society and totally dedicates his life to God. He denies his commitment to a family in favor of serving the church.
- 25. The amount of currency you have is based on how much gold you have. Currency is valued based on the market price and perceived value of gold. You must, therefore, have gold to trade with most people; if not, you are left to barter as your method of trade.
Down
- 2. Viking, Magyars, and Muslims all acted as these. They used threats of harm to people and/or property, or destruction and/or actual harm to take wealth, food, and/or other resources from people who had these things. They typically attacked with only light weapons and without warning against places and people with few defenses.
- 3. A term developed in the Middle Ages that referred to a middle class person (or the group of people) whose social behaviors and political views focused on the ownership and use of private property to improve one’s social status. Nobles often granted them special status and privileges because their work brought higher status and tax revenues to the nobles granting those greater privileges.
- 4. The name given to people who believe in Jesus Christ and worship at a parish.
- 5. A person who was wealthy, owned land, and/or inherited these things.
- 6. A woman who lives her life cut off from ordinary human society and totally dedicates her life to God. Some say that she is ‘married’ to Jesus Christ or to the church.
- 8. It was a Germanic system of justice where a wrongdoer must compensate the harmed person or family for the harm caused. The amount paid was based on the victim’s social status. The term literally meant “money for a man.”
- 9. “Universal.” It was originally the idea meant to show that the church was open to all believers in Christ and not just specifically-trained people, people in certain wealthy or noble classes, or descendants of specific ethnic, religious, or tribal groups of people.
- 10. Any man who served a lord in a military capacity, whether as a foot soldier or as a member of a cavalry.
- 14. The grant of land and authority over that land made to a vassal by a lord under a feudal contract.
- 15. The name given to the geographic area to which a bishop is assigned.
- 19. A wrongdoer would have to complete a physical task that put him in danger. If the person was harmed, he was deemed guilty, while the unharmed person was deemed not guilty of alleged crime.
- 21. A man in charge of running a monastery and who has complete authority to act on behalf of the church while running it.
- 24. A member of a lord’s military who was heavily armored and rode a horse in that lord’s cavalry.