Across
- 1. water hating
- 3. how the organism reacts to a stimulus and results in a change in behavior
- 5. A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific effect in the cell.
- 7. chemical messengers that your body can't function without. Their job is to carry chemical signals (“messages”) from one neuron (nerve cell) to the next target cell. The next target cell can be another nerve cell, a muscle cell or a gland
- 12. _____ cyclase; the enzyme that synthesizes cyclic adenosine monophosphate or cyclic AMP from adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
- 15. _____ point; the level or point at which a variable physiological state (such as body temperature or weight) tends to stabilize
- 16. _____ C; a class of membrane-associated enzymes that cleave phospholipids just before the phosphate group
- 17. A process in which a phosphate group is added to a molecule, such as a sugar or a protein.
- 18. second _____; small molecules and ions that relay signals received by cell-surface receptors to effector proteins.
- 19. type of signaling where a cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream
- 22. _____ cell; A type of immune cell that boosts immune responses by showing antigens on its surface to other cells of the immune system. Type of phagocyte.
- 24. anything that can trigger a physical or behavioral change.
- 25. water loving
- 27. _____ triphosphate; a second messenger for many growth factors, hormones, and neurotransmitters
- 29. _____ range; a set of values that a doctor uses to interpret a patient's test results
- 30. _____ center; the body structure that determines the normal range of the variable, or set point.
- 31. the cellular behavior in which cells swim toward or away from the light source (positive or negative phototaxis)
- 32. _____ AMP; a second messenger used for intracellular signal induction
- 33. any molecule or atom that irreversibly binds to a receiving protein molecule, otherwise known as a receptor
- 34. signal _____; The process by which a cell responds to substances outside the cell through signaling molecules found on the surface of and inside the cell.
- 36. _____ feedback; occurs when a change in a regulated variable triggers a response which reverses the initial change and brings the regulated variable back to the set point.
- 38. _____ sensing; a process of cell–cell communication that allows bacteria to share information about cell density and adjust gene expression accordingly.
- 39. a self-regulating process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external conditions.
- 40. _____ ion channels; integral membrane proteins that contain a pore which allows the regulated flow of selected ions across the plasma membrane
Down
- 2. signaling; cellular signaling in which a factor secreted by a cell affects other cells in the local environment.
- 4. A type of enzyme (a protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body) that adds chemicals called phosphates to other molecules, such as sugars or proteins
- 6. type of signaling where the production and secretion of an extracellular mediator by a cell followed by the binding of that mediator to receptors on the same cell to initiate signal transduction
- 8. signal _____; an increase in the intensity of a signal through networks of intracellular reactions, is considered one of the essential properties in many cell signaling pathways.
- 9. a small molecule that selectively binds to a protein and regulates its biological activity
- 10. _____ linked receptor; a family of receptor signal transducers which are involved in signaling pathways within cells
- 11. phosphorylation _____; a sequence of signaling pathway events where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins
- 13. the process by which phosphate groups are removed from a molecule by a phosphatase
- 14. intercellular pores connecting adjacent plant cells allowing membrane and cytoplasmic continuity and are essential routes for intercellular trafficking, communication and signaling in plant development and defense
- 15. The space between the end of a nerve cell and another cell.
- 20. a type of cell–cell or cell–extracellular matrix signaling in multicellular organisms that requires close contact
- 21. the migration of cells toward attractant chemicals or away from repellents
- 23. _____ junction; aggregates of intercellular channels that permit direct cell–cell transfer of ions and small molecules
- 26. Likely to deviate or vary, as from the usual type; aberrant; inconstant; changeable
- 28. an assemblage of surface-associated microbial cells that is enclosed in an extracellular polymeric substance matrix
- 31. _____ feedback; occurs when a change in a. variable triggers a response. which causes more change in the same direction.
- 35. protein _____ A (PKA); a central regulator of cardiac performance and morphology
- 37. receptor _____ kinase; a subclass of tyrosine kinases that are involved in mediating cell-to-cell communication and controlling a wide range of complex biological functions, including cell growth, motility, differentiation, and metabolism