Across
- 2. The practice of tillage, planting, and other farming operations performed on or near the contour of the field slope
- 5. The deterioration of those characteristics of soil needed for plant growth or other ecosystem services
- 8. The mass of solid rock that makes up Earth's crust
- 9. The removal of soil by water, wind, ice, or gravity
- 11. A chemical used to kill organisms that attack or compete with plants that humans value
- 14. A mineral or grouping of minerals that is mined to extract one or more valuable metals
- 18. A soil conservation method in which the type of crop grown in a field is alternated from one season or year to the next
- 20. A type of mining in which a large hole (versus a shaft or tunnel) is dug to extract ore and the rock around it
- 22. Soil particles that are less than 0.002 mm in diameter
- 23. an inorganic solid that has an orderly crystalline structure and a specific chemical composition
- 25. Soil particles that are 0.002 to 0.05 mm in diameter
- 28. The physical and chemical processes that break down rocks and minerals into smaller particles
- 29. mining A type of mining in which layers of surface soil and rock are removed from large areas to expose the resource
- 31. The amount of a crop produced in a given area
- 32. Mining A type of mining in which vertical shafts are dug deep into the ground and networks of horizontal tunnels are dug or blasted out to follow deposits of a resource
- 34. One or more rows of trees or other tall, perennial plants planted along the edge of a field to prevent wind erosion; also called a windbreak
- 35. A cross-section of all the soil horizons in a specific soil, from surface to bedrock, in a specific area
- 36. Particles that are 0.05 to 2 mm in diameter
- 37. The process of extracting metal from ore by heating the ore beyond its melting point
- 38. The mixture of disintegrated rock, organic matter, water, gases, nutrients, and microorganisms that supports plant growth
- 40. Soil that is approximately equal parts clay, silt, and sand
- 42. A place, typically a large, deep pit, from which stone or other materials are or have been extracted
- 43. The base geological Material in a particular location
Down
- 1. A distinct layer of soil
- 3. A fast-growing crop that is planted in the interval between harvest and the next season's planting to prevent erosion and limit the loss of nitrogen
- 4. The erosion or disintegration of rocks, building materials, etc., caused by chemical reactions
- 6. The process of soil genesis as regulated by the effects of place, environment, and history
- 7. A type of mining in which plants and soil are removed from the top of a mountain and then explosives are used to reach seams of coal
- 10. The buildup of salts in the surface layers of soil
- 12. The artificial application of water to the soil through various systems of tubes, pumps, and sprays
- 13. The waste produced in processing ore
- 15. Allowing animals to eat so much of the plant cover in a field or pasture that the plants cannot regrow
- 16. A loss of more than 10 percent in the productivity of soil due to erosion, deforestation, overgrazing, drought, or other factors
- 17. The prevention of loss of the topmost layer of the soil from erosion or prevention of reduced fertility caused by over usage, acidification, salinization or other chemical soil contamination
- 19. A process that causes the disintegration of rocks, mineral, and soils without chemical change
- 21. Farming that does not deplete soil faster than it forms
- 24. A soil conservation Method in which two or more crops are planted in one feld
- 26. An area of land that is flooded with water at least sometime during the year
- 27. An excavation in the earth for extracting coal or other minerals
- 30. The turning-over of soil before planting
- 33. A soil conservation method in which sloped land is transformed into a series of steps to prevent soil erosion
- 39. A type of mining that involves sifting through sand and gravel in a riverbed or streambed to extract metals, minerals, or precious stones
- 41. A type of mining pollution that occurs when oxygen and rainwater react with newly exposed rock that contains iron sulfide, forming sulfuric acid that removes metals from rocks and leaches into groundwater or enters water bodies as runoff