Across
- 3. estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.
- 10. occurs when misleading information has distorted one’s memory of an event. (when subtle misinformation is slipped into the description of memory, that misinformation can become part of the memory.
- 12. a neural center located in the Temporal Lobe of the Limbic system, helps process explicit (conscious) memories—of facts and events—for storage.
- 14. a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
- 16. a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics.
- 18. our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect {still in working memory}) and first (primacy effect{you rehearsed them the most}) items in a list.
- 24. faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.
- 26. Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems (the other is semantic memory)
- 29. the way we present an issue. (the way an issue is posed; how an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgments) [Ex. Gun Safety vs. Gun Control; Pro Choice vs. Pro Abortion; Undocumented Workers vs. illegal Aliens]
- 33. Explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems (the other is semantic memory)
- 34. in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
- 36. the ability to produce new and valuable ideas.
- 39. narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.
- 41. a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way that has been successful in the past. [an example of fixation]
- 42. an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.
- 44. the activation of, implicit, associations in unconscious memory.
- 45. in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
- 48. the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood. (Ex. Depressed people usually only recall sad memories)
- 49. beginning around 4 months, the stage if speech development in which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
- 50. early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--“go car”--using mostly nouns and verbs.
- 51. our spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
- 52. clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
Down
- 1. a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than an algorithm.
- 2. the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information. [when old memories disrupt the new(Ex. Can’t remember new password because of old password.)]
- 4. beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements.
- 5. the strong form of Whorf’s hypothesis--that language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us.
- 6. in cognition, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an obstacle to problem-solving. [Once we come up with an answer that we believe, it is difficult to see the problem from new perspectives.]
- 7. an inability to retrieve information from one’s past. (can remember the new memories, but no past memories.)
- 8. the persistence of learning over time through encoding, storing, and retrieving information.
- 9. estimating the likelihood of events (how common) based on their accessibility in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common. Ex. fear of flying vs. car crashes.
- 11. the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it. Context-dependent memory—we retrieve a memory more easily when in the same context as when we formed the memory.
- 13. an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory. [less prompting needed to release neurotransmitters and more connections between neurons (more receptor sites)](after LTD took place, disruption to old memories is not likely; Before LTD takes place…Concussion-people don’t usually remember what happened right before the injury)
- 15. the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information. [when new learning disrupts the recall of old memories(Ex. Can’t remember old password after learning new password.)]
- 17. the weaker form of “linguistic relativity”--the idea that language affects thought (thus our thinking and world view is “relative to” our cultural language).
- 19. when we learn in one condition, it may be easier to remember in that same state. (Ex. Drunk People)
- 20. in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
- 21. impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding).
- 22. expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions.
- 23. the neural storage of long-term memory. [Memories are not permanently stored in the Hippocampus, They migrate to other areas. Ex. Remove the rat’s hippocampus 3 hr after it learns the location of food—forget where it is. Remove the hippocampus 48 hrs later—the rat will remember where the food is.] (SPACE Learning produces more Memory Consolidation.)
- 25. an inability to form new memories. [can’t remember new memories, but can remember the past (although can’t form new EXPLICIT memories, they can form automatic, unconscious, IMPLICIT memories; EX. The way to go to the bathroom)]Always mentally stay the same age
- 27. in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. Semantics is the language’s set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is its set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.
- 28. a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a Prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin, or associating Whale with fish, which is actually a mammal.)
- 30. that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
- 31. the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. (Ex. Doggy! = There is a Dog!)
- 32. a clear sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. (Ex. 9/11)
- 35. sometimes lack of memory may be self-serving. We forget in order to make ourselves feel better.
- 37. a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. (we develop prototypes, which are the best examples of a concept.)
- 38. the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
- 40. all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
- 43. a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.
- 46. helps control language expression--an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
- 47. a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions.