Across
- 5. A principle in international relations aiming to prevent any single nation or alliance from becoming too powerful, thereby maintaining stability and preventing conflict.
- 6. The process of developing industries and transitioning to a mechanized and factory-based economy.
- 8. An individual who organizes and manages economic ventures, taking risks to achieve profit, often associated with business innovation.
- 9. The political and social system in France before the French Revolution, characterized by absolute monarchy, feudal privileges, and social inequality.
- 14. A period of significant economic, technological, and social change marked by the transition from agrarian and manual labor-based economies to industrial and machine-based economies.
- 16. Scottish economist and philosopher, known for his influential work "The Wealth of Nations," advocating for free-market capitalism and the invisible hand of self-regulating markets.
- 17. Enlightenment thinkers in 18th-century France who advocated for reason, science, and individual rights as a means of societal improvement.
- 18. The Queen of France, married to King Louis XVI, and a symbol of extravagance and privilege; her lifestyle became a target for criticism during the French Revolution.
Down
- 1. Leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave who played a crucial role in the abolition of slavery and the establishment of Haitian independence from French rule.
- 2. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a French philosopher, known for his influential works on political philosophy, including "The Social Contract," emphasizing the importance of the general will.
- 3. A successful slave uprising in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (Haiti) in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, leading to the establishment of the independent state of Haiti.
- 4. A representative assembly in pre-revolutionary France, comprising representatives from the clergy, nobility, and common people, convened by the monarch during times of crisis.
- 7. A period of panic and unrest during the early stages of the French Revolution, marked by widespread peasant uprisings and the fear of counter-revolutionary plots.
- 10. Pertaining to the Enlightenment, an intellectual movement of the 18th century that emphasized reason, science, and individual rights to challenge traditional authority.
- 11. Resources required for industrial production, including land, labor, and capital.
- 12. A South American military and political leader who played a key role in Latin American independence movements against Spanish colonial rule.
- 13. Agricultural practice involving the systematic rotation of crops to maintain soil fertility and maximize yields.
- 15. The process of population concentration in urban areas, accompanied by the growth of cities and the shift from rural to urban living.