Across
- 2. Intellectual branch of the more radical supporters of the French Revolution
- 5. Body of French civil laws that embodied Enlightenment principles such as the equality of all citizens before the law, religious toleration, and the abolition of feudalism; Despite containing some revolutionary ideas, these new laws eliminated freedom of the press and freedom of speech
- 9. Developed as a more humane method of execution, seen as both more efficient and more egalitarian
- 11. Lacking in decisiveness and often ignoring both problems and his advisers, he was the last king of France before the French Revolution; Eventually found guilty of treason to France, he was beheaded by guillotine in 1793
- 12. Nobles, clergy, or others who fled France following the Revolution of 1789, This group of people fueled fears of the French Revolution, telling horror stories about their persecution in an effort to gain foreign assistance in restoring the old regime
- 14. Legislative body made up of the representatives of the three estates in pre-revolutionary France; Within this body, voting deadlocked as the first and second estates always outvoted the third estate
- 15. A term for working class men and women that means “without breeches,” as this group chose to wear long trousers instead of the silk breeches of the upper class; More radical and militant supporters of the Revolution’s goal of an end to the monarchy and the creation of a republic
- 18. Made up mostly of members from the middle class, this governing body had the power to make laws, collect taxes, and decide on issues of war and peace;Created after the Constitution of 1791; members literally separated themselves left, center, and right by ideology
- 19. social class who collected tithes, and paid no direct taxes to the state
- 20. A popular military hero who won a series of victories in Italy before entering politics; Assumed the title Emperor of the French and focused on order and security over liberty and equality
Down
- 1. French revolutionary who was one of the chief architects of the Reign of Terror before eventually being arrested and executed by the revolution’s leaders; Became an important member of the Jacobin club and a member of the Committee of Public Safety
- 3. elected to provide a new constitution for the country after the overthrow of the monarchy; established a republic in France in 1792 but was replaced by the Directory in 1795.
- 4. Wherein Delegates of the Third Estate swore “never to separate” until a constitution was established for France; Displayed an Enlightenment belief that political authority comes from the people and their representatives rather than the monarchy
- 6. The most diverse social class that included the vast majority of the French population - they Consisted of the bourgeoisie, rural peasants, and urban workers who resented the privileged classes
- 7. The successful overthrow of the weak French Directory to set up a three-man governing board known as the Consulate
- 8. To avoid battles with Napoleon, the Russians retreated eastward, employing this military strategy of burning crops and villages as they went
- 10. Seen as one of Napoleon’s mistakes, Napoleon embroils himself in a military conflict that sets off a rise in nationalism, particularly in Spain, and bogs down Napoleon’s forces in the Iberian peninsula; this conflict was fought between French, Spanish, Portuguese and British forces
- 13. The period of time between Napoleon’s escape from exile on Elba (and his arrival in Paris) and the date of the return of Louis XVIII to Paris; ends with Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo and his being exiled a second time
- 16. represented roughly 2% of the French population while owning 20% of the land and paying next to nothing in taxes
- 17. Time period during the French Revolution from September 1793 to July 1794 when people in France were arrested for not supporting the revolution and many were executed;