Across
- 6. A common feature of the colonization process, this involved warfare and forced subjugation by Europeans against native populations.
- 7. The coerced extraction of resources and labor from indigenous populations by European colonizers.
- 8. The first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607, pivotal in the English colonization efforts.
- 11. Strategic partnerships formed between European settlers and native tribes to gain advantages over other groups during the colonial period.
- 13. A document granted by a sovereign power outlining the terms and permissions for the establishment of a colonial government or company.
- 16. Diverse groups that faced profound changes and challenges due to European exploration and colonization starting from the late 15th century onwards.
- 18. The policy of European powers driven by desires for wealth, resources, and religious conversion to discover, claim, and colonize lands outside Europe.
- 20. A Spanish explorer who led a large expedition from 1539 to 1542, claiming vast territories of the southeastern United States for Spain.
- 21. Advanced military technology such as firearms, which played a crucial role in the conquest of indigenous territories by Europeans.
- 22. Frequent violent encounters between European colonizers and indigenous populations, stemming from land disputes and cultural misunderstandings.
- 24. A 1494 agreement sanctioned by the Pope, dividing the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire.
- 25. Explorers, soldiers, and settlers who ventured into the Americas, driven by motives of wealth, territory expansion, and religious evangelization.
Down
- 1. Established by the French in 1564 near modern-day Jacksonville, this fort was part of France’s effort to challenge Spanish dominance in Florida.
- 2. Founded by the Spanish in 1565, this city is the oldest continuously inhabited European-established settlement in the continental U.S.
- 3. An economic policy that emphasizes maximizing exports and minimizing imports to benefit the home country's wealth and strength.
- 4. The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.
- 5. A chief known for his complex dealings with English settlers, ruled over a confederation of tribes in Virginia during the early 1600s.
- 9. An agricultural system based on large-scale estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and worked by laborers who live on the property, typically used for cash crops and historically tied to slave labor.
- 10. An indigenous tribe known for resisting Spanish colonization, first encountered in southwestern Florida in the early 16th century.
- 12. Part of the Muscogee Confederacy, this Native American tribe was documented for their culture and interactions during the Age of Exploration.
- 14. A legendary source sought in the 16th century that promised eternal youth, believed to be located in what is now Florida.
- 15. A mythical island sought by early Spanish explorers, rumored to contain vast amounts of gold.
- 17. A labor system instituted by the Spanish crown in the Americas, granting colonists the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the indigenous inhabitants.
- 19. The transition of control from indigenous groups to European colonizers, marked by conquests and the establishment of colonial governments.
- 23. The exchange of European goods like firearms for native resources, significantly impacting indigenous economies and societies.