Unit 8: Renaissance and Reformation

4. I nailed my 95 Theses to a church door in 1517, challenging the Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences. My actions sparked a revolution that led to the rise of Protestantism.
6. The political and social system that weakened after the plague.
8. Religious wars that strengthened contacts between western Europe and Byzantine and Muslim cultures.
9. The sale of indulgences, or pardons for sins, became widespread, leading to the belief that forgiveness could be bought, which disturbed reformers.
10. This king of England lost lands in France and angered nobles by taxing them heavily.
12. The practice of buying Church offices, leading to leadership positions being based on wealth rather than merit.
15. A new feeling of loyalty to one's country and king that grew stronger during the war.
17. Many Church officials, including popes, cardinals, and bishops, lived lavishly and acted more like royalty than spiritual leaders.
20. A long conflict from 1337 to 1453 between England and France over control of French lands.
22. The main trade route between Asia and the Mediterranean Sea that helped spread the plague.
24. The continent where the plague killed about a third of the population.
26. The everyday language spoken by the people, used by Dante in his writing.

1. After the plague, these workers gained more power because there were fewer of them.
2. A Renaissance way of thinking that balanced religious faith with a focus on individual dignity and human society.
3. People who exchanged currency, loaned money, and financed businesses.
5. The leading cultural center of the Renaissance, located on the Arno River.
7. Weapons that fired iron balls and helped destroy castles.
11. A powerful weapon that gave the English an advantage by firing arrows farther and faster.
13. Another name for the bubonic plague, referring to the black-and-blue swellings on victims.
14. In response, Luther posted his Ninety-Five Theses on the church door in Wittenberg, criticizing indulgences and other Church practices. He also sent these arguments to Church leaders, which sparked widespread controversy.
16. A document signed by King John in 1215 that limited the king’s power.
18. A period of great cultural growth in Europe helped by increased trade and commerce.
19. CORPUS A right from Magna Carta that protects people from being jailed without a trial.
21. An economic system based on the use of coins rather than trade.
23. Small insects that carried the bacteria causing the bubonic plague.
25. Wealthy people who paid for new buildings, art, and universities during the Renaissance.
27. Powerful lords who forced King John to sign Magna Carta.