Across
- 2. The art of beautiful handwriting, and the highest form of decorative art for Muslims. Muslims felt that only his form of handwriting was worthy to record the words of God.
- 6. The town that was a wealthy center of trade and the birthplace of Muhammad
- 7. A person from a Mongol tribe that was known as Tamerlane to Europeans. He claimed to be a descendant of Genghis Khan, and he brought the Ottoman Empire to the brink of collapse.
- 10. The period of the Crusades that started after Muslims began to band together and captured Edessa. This Crusade was a failure for the Christians
- 11. The series of religious wars launched by European Christians to reclaim Jerusalem and other holy sites from Muslims
- 12. Hostility to or discrimination against Jews
- 13. Another word for Islamic mysticism; A type of religious practice that involves intense personal experiences of God
- 14. The empire that was started by a Turk called Osman I after the decline of the Mongols' power
- 16. A Muslim empire in Persia that promoted trade, the arts, and learning
- 17. A series of wars launched by Christians to retake the Iberian Peninsula from Muslims
- 18. A judicial body established by the Roman Catholic Church to combat forms of religious error during the Reconquista
- 21. The most basic acts of worship for Muslims. The Qur'an provides commands to perform these five duties. The Sunnah explains how to perform them based on Muhammad's example.
- 25. The fourth pillar of Islam where Muslims fast during the day throughout the month of Ramadan
- 27. The study of objects in the universe. Muslims working in this field improved navigational tools to locate the direction of Makkah and figured out exact times of prayer and the lengths of Ramadan.
- 28. Muhammad and his followers' journey from Makkah to Yathrib. The year of this journey marks the first year of the Muslim calendar.
- 29. The group of people whose lives were dramatically worsened by the Crusades. They suffered violent persecutions during the First Crusade, and there was increasing discrimination against them.
- 30. The period of the Crusades that started when Salah al-Din's armies captured Jerusalem. King Richard I of England, who was known as "the Lionheart," led the European fight against Salah al-Din. Eventually, these two leaders signed a peace treaty.
- 32. The city that's sacred to Muslims, Jews, ad Christians. For Jews, this city was a spiritual and political center. For Christians, this city is where Jesus was crucified and rose from the dead. For Muslims, this city is where Muhammad ascended to heaven during his Night Journey.
- 34. A messenger of God(Allah). Muhammad, Jesus, Abraham, and Moses are all examples of this
- 35. A village that was a crossroads of trade routes between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that became a glorious city and a center of learning
- 36. The third caliph. He oversaw the creation of an official edition of the Qur'an. He was killed by rebels.
- 38. The third pillar of Islam that emphasizes the need for wealthy people to share their riches with the poor
- 39. The prophet of Allah who founded Islam
- 40. People who follow Islam. The word means "Those who surrender to God."
- 41. A Persian philosopher who believed that all knowledge came from God that truth could be known through relation and reason
- 43. The Muslim sultan that formed the largest Muslim empire since the Seljuks. He took back most of Palestine, and his armies captured Jerusalem. He was called Saladin by Europeans.
- 48. A talented musician from Baghdad who established Europe's first conservatory in Cordoba
- 49. The group of Central Asian people who established a new Muslim dynasty in the 11th centuy. Their advances in the 11th century worried Christians and contributed to the Crusades.
- 51. The Muslim capital in Spain where Jews, Christians, and Muslims worked and studied together. This city was large and wealthy. In the city, a unique style of music developed that blended elements of Arab and native Spanish cultures.
Down
- 1. Muhammad's journey with a winged horse to Jerusalem where he met and prayed with earlier prophets, such as Moses, Jesus, and Abraham before going through the seven levels of heaven and meeting God
- 2. The spreading of ideas and ways of life that occurs as different societies interact through travel, trade, or conflict
- 3. The fifth pillar of Islam, and the pilgrimage to Makkah that Muslims are required to go on at least once in their life
- 4. The group of people whose contact with Middle Eastern cultures had a major impact on their lives after the Crusades
- 5. An Arab philosopher who tried to make reason and logical proof agree with faith. He said that humans had two sources of knowledge: reason and revelation by God. People could use reason to better understand the teachings of faith, but some truths could be known only through God's word.
- 8. Originally known as Yathrib, this city's name means "City of the Prophet."
- 9. The Muslim house of worship. They have at least one minaret with a balcony where the muezzin chants the call to prayer, a fountain for washing before prayer, a prayer room, a minbar where the imam gives a sermon, and a niche in the wall next to the minbar that indicates the direction of Makkah.
- 12. A book that's also known as Arabian Nights. It's stories originally came from many places.
- 15. The period of the Crusades that was led by four European nobles. During this period, Antioch and Jerusalem were taken by Christians.
- 19. The example that Muhammad set for Muslims during his lifetime. It explains how to perform the Five Pillars of Islam, based on Muhammad's example.
- 20. Muslim doctors established the first of these, and most cities and towns had one or two of these. These places served as teaching centers for doctors in training. Anyone who needed treatment could get it at these places
- 22. What Muslims considered Jews and Christians to be
- 23. A Muslim scholar who was an astronomer and a mathematician. He's known as "the father of algebra."
- 24. The second largest religion in the world. It is a monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad
- 26. The body of Islamic law that is based on the Qur'an and the Sunnah. It covers Muslims' duties toward God and guides them in their personal behavior and relationships with others. It promotes obedience to the Qur'an and respect for others.
- 29. The physical struggle with spiritual significance that represents the human struggle to overcome difficulties and please God
- 31. The stle of Arabic art that took its beauty from the natural world
- 33. The first pillar of Islam and the profession of faith. The first part of it affirms monotheism, and the second part of it identifies Muhammad as God's messenger.
- 37. Collections of stories about Muhammad that provide written evidence of Muhammad's Sunnah through his own words and deeds
- 40. A group of nomadic people from the north of China whose leader during the 13th century was Genghis Khan
- 42. The minority of Muslims who believe that only people directly descended from Muhammad through his daughter Fatima and son-in-law Ali should be caliph
- 44. A device for computing time based on the location of the sun or the stars
- 45. The first caliph. He completed the unification of Arabia.
- 46. A sport in which teams on horseback use mallets to strike a ball through a goal. Because horses were considered status sympols, this game was popular among the wealthy.
- 47. The book that contains the messages the angel Gabriel told Muhammad. Uthman oversaw the creation of an official version of this book.
- 50. The second pillar of Islam. It emphasizes religious discipline, spirituality, and closeness to God through daily ritual prayer.