Across
- 5. variant of the political ideology of conservatism that combines features of traditional conservatism with political individualism and qualified endorsement of free markets. Prominent United States in the 1970s among intellectuals who shared a dislike of communism and a disdain for the counterculture of the 1960s.. especially influential in the formulation of foreign and military policy, particularly in the administrations of Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and George W. Bush.
- 6. Vice President to George W Bush and leading figure, along with the Secretary of Defence, in desiging the US response to 9/11
- 11. "America was targeted for attack because we're the brightest beacon for freedom and opportunity in the world. And no one will keep that light from shining" from Presidents Address to the Nation on 9 Sept 2001
- 12. the process or fact of deciding a policy or action without involving another group or country,this was an accepted element of the so-called Bush Doctrine during his first term
- 14. Political scientist who in his book 'Crossroads'was critical of the Bush Doctrine, claiming "outsiders can't "impose" democracy on a country that doesn't want it; demand for democracy and reform must be domestic"
- 16. number of trillion $US that Brown University estimted the 20 year War on Terror cost the USA. (words)
- 17. GWB coined this term to included Iraq, Iran and North Korea in his 2002 State of the Union speech saying "States like these, and their terrorist allies, constitute an axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world. By seeking weapons of mass destruction, these regimes pose a grave and growing danger", despite little evidence of these states co-operating.
- 19. a gradual shift in objectives during the course of a military campaign, often resulting in an unplanned long-term commitment. The USA had tried to guard against this by leanrning lessons from since the quagmire of the Vietnam War, however running for election in 1980 Reagan explictly critical of the way the 'Vietnam symdrome' in foreign policy had limited the US power and prestige
- 20. a guided missile destroyer of the United States Navy, on 12 October 2000 it was bombed by al-Qaeda in a port in Yemmen
- 22. was an armed conflict in the years 1990-1991 between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States which entered in Kuwait being liberated. It have many differences to the 'War on Terror', especially as it was largely limited in its mission, however the presence of 'infidels' close to the holy Islamic sits in nearby Saudi Arabia when being used as a staging post by US forces galvanised islamic radicals
- 23. was an Iraqi dictator who served from 1979 to 2003, he ruled through a single party state by favouring the ethnic/religious majority and persecuing minorities, esp Kurds, a nation of people that spanded Turkey, Syria, Iran and Iraq, and who play a key role as fighters for the US anti-IS cause and for the creation of their own state
- 24. informed by neocon advicers, a doctine that holds enemies of the US use terrorism as a war of ideology against the nation. The responsibility of the US is to protect itself by promoting democracy where the terrorists are located so as to undermine the basis for terrorist activities. The Elections in Egypt, Lebanon, and Palestine happened as a result of this initiative in the sense that Brotherhood, Hezbollah, and Hamas were allowed to participate in it.
Down
- 1. 'mastermind' of the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center
- 2. when the majority of the world is dominated by a single state or nation's military and economic power, and social and cultural influence, the US was seen to have held this position after the fall of the USSR
- 3. English for French term 'propagande par le fait' is specific political direct action meant to be exemplary to others and serve as a catalyst for revolution (4)
- 4. Secretary of Defence between 2001-2006, along with Cheney, was leading figure shaping US response to 9/11
- 7. four word phrase used by GWB to refer to the countries who supported, militarily or politically, the 2003 invasion of Iraq and subsequent military presence in post-invasion Iraq. The list released by the White House in March 2003 included 46 members, including Britain and Australia (despite the ALP's and its leader Simon Crean's opposition)
- 8. a Saudi-born militant who was the founder and first general emir of al-Qaeda from 1988 until his death (3)
- 9. acceleration and intensification of exchanges of goods, services, labour and capital, which promote global interdependence. These have been facilitated by rapid changes in communication and technology.the degree of economic and social inequality within certain countries. However it its uneven benefits mean many researchers have stated the roots of terrorism is found in its resultant poverty and inequality. Also the people movement and technological communucations associated with it faciclitated execution and recruitment.
- 10. was a major military campaign in 2016-7 launched by the Iraqi Government forces with allied militias, the Kurdistan Regional Government, and international forces to retake the city of Mosul from the Islamic State (ISIL), which had seized the city in June 2014, it was a a key success and example of internatinal co-operation to defeat terrorism (Battle of ?)
- 13. US president during WW1 whose policies designed to 'make the world safe for democracy' were an inspiration for neoconservatives and thus US foreign policy makers post 9/11
- 15. a WW2 US ally in western Europe with historic interests in the Middle East which was strongly critical of the US's invasion of Iraq, labeling it illegal and a misrepresentaton of Article 51 of the UN's Charter which provides for 'self-defence'
- 18. US foreign policy can be characterised as this between 1919-1941 when the originl 'America First' movement emerged in the 1930s, some charcterise Trump's foreign policy as tending towards this.
- 21. term starting with H, leadership or dominance (notably includes not just economic, military, politcal but also social/cultural, especially by one state or social group over others, in the unipolar post Cold War years, the USA was seem to posses this.