Across
- 5. 1952 court case about a father of eight year old Linda Brown charged the Board of Education of Topeka, KS with violating Linda's rights by denying her admission to an all-white elementary school four blocks from her house while the nearest all-black was 21 blocks away; Supreme Court unanimously voted segregation in school as unconstitutional violation of the fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause
- 10. seamstress & NAACP officer, took a seat in the front row of the colored section of a Montgomery bus after driver ordered her & three other African American passengers to empty the front row so white man could sit down without having to sit next to any African Americans, she refused & the police arrested her
- 13. civil rights organizations formed by Dr. MLK Jr., joined ministers, & civil rights leaders in 1957. Using African American churches as a base, they planned to stage protests & demonstration throughout the South; it carried on non-violent crusades against the evils of the second-class citizenship
- 14. act eliminated the so-called literacy tests that had disqualified many voters; federal examiners could enroll voters who had been denied suffrage by local officials
- 17. program aimed at hiring or including minorities or groups that suffered discrimination
- 18. murder by sudden or secret attack often for political reason
- 21. action or state of setting someone or something apart from others
Down
- 1. a movement led by some African Americans for political & economic power, cultural pride, to promote, & stressed black pride, however, Dr. MLK Jr. urged to stop this phrase as it would provoke African Americans to violence & antagonize whites
- 2. took place on 08/28/1963, in Lincoln Memorial, Washington D.C. to demand an end to segregation, fair wages, & economic justice, voting rights, education, & long overdue civil rights protections that were pending in Congress
- 3. political party founded in Oakland, CA in 10/1966, by Huey Newton & Bobby Seale to fight police brutality in the ghetto; party advocated self-sufficiency for African-American communities, full employment & decent housing
- 4. a young reverend, rose to prominence during the Montgomery Bus Boycott; his talent for speech making made him popular;1957, he founded the SCLC; leader of the civil rights movement
- 6. President Lyndon Johnson pledged to carry out Kennedy's work & 07/02/1964, he signed this act which prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, national origin, & gender; it gave all citizens the right to enter libraries, parks, washrooms, restaurants, theaters, & other public accommodations
- 7. a 14 year old Black teenager from Chicago, IL who visited relatives in Money, MS was accused of whistling, flirting, or touching the hand of the store's White female clerk (wife of the owner) Carolyn Byrant at Byrant's Grocery and Meat Market when he & few kids went to buy snacks after working on cotton fields & later kidnapped in the early morning & murdered by Carolyn's husband & half brother which spark the Civil Rights movement
- 8. to refuse to buy, use, or participate in something as a way of protesting. The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a civil rights protest during which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama to protest segregated seating
- 9. national association for the advancement of colored people established in 1909, formed in NY city by white & Black activists partially in response to the ongoing violence against Black Americans around the city
- 11. African American protestors sat down at segregated lunch counters and refused to leave until they were served
- 12. a procession as a protest or demonstration
- 15. civil rights activist who tried to end segregation on national buses by provoking a violent reaction that would convince the Kennedy administration to enforce the law
- 16. the rights of citizens to political, social freedom, and equality
- 19. leader, member of the black Muslim group Nation of Islam, African-American civil rights leader
- 20. a statement or action expressing disapproval of or objection to something