Across
- 4. polysaccharide antigens conjugated to a more immunogenic protein antigen
- 7. vaccines relatively new vaccines that use a pathogen’s DNA to stimulate an immune response; most DNA vaccines being developed focus on HIV or cancer
- 9. Useful tools for investigating differences between healthy and diseased cells by using complementary base-pairing between nucleotides
- 11. can detect and builds DNA that is complementary to target RNA molecule in a sample
- 12. Serves as a GPS for finding the desired genetic sequence that is to be cut out
- 14. microscopy uses fluorescent-tagged antibodies to recognize a specific antigen in a sample and requires a specialized fluorescent microscope
- 16. (blank) islands Regions of the pathogen genome that encode toxins, virulence factors, and resistance mechanisms
- 17. vaccines consist of a whole pathogen or a sub-unit, parts of the antigen. It is safe with the immunocompromised patients and safe at room temperature but boosters are required to achieve full immunity.
Down
- 1. looking at an individual's blood to if certain antigens or antibodies are present
- 2. found in the a person's body to combat an infection
- 3. something like Aluminum salts and monophosphoryl lipid A cause an immunological reaction
- 5. (blank)subunit vaccine with pathogen components that were either harvested from a natural pathogen or purified from a genetically engineered expression system
- 6. procedure that originated China to combat smallpox; the scabs of smallpox lesions was placed into a healthy individuals nose that caused a milder and lower mortality rate for smallpox
- 8. a reaction in which antibodies bind antigens into a clump; these reactions are usually used for bloody typing, to identify infections, and to diagnose noninfectious immune disorders such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia
- 10. immunity when anywhere from 85-95% of the population is vaccinated and it makes it hard for the infectious microbe to be transferred to other people protecting the immunocompromised and newborns.
- 11. vaccines that are purified from a genetically engineered expression system and placed into a harmless virus or bacterium then inserted into the body
- 12. enzyme scalpel that cuts the DNA sequence once it is located
- 13. a DNA amplification technique that creates billions of copies of a target gene in just a few hours. PCR is sensitive enough to detect even a single viral particle in a sample. PCR’s speed and sensitivity have made it an essential tool in clinical labs
- 15. attenuated vaccines contain an altered pathogen that do not cause disease but are still infectious and stimulates a potent immunological responses that are accompanied by long-lived memory
- 18. vaccines made with purified and inactivated toxins