virology exam 2 and it's the same but it's bigger so it's not

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Across
  1. 1. Caused by a.phagocytophilum and infects granulocytes (WBCs). Vectors include i.pacificus and i.scapularis. Transmitted by small mammals, rodents, deer, and dogs and co-infections can occur with borrelia, babesia, or powassan virus.
  2. 3. Lung inflammation and single most common cause of infection-related mortality.
  3. 7. Most common source of rabies transmission in CA
  4. 9. Spread through contact with infected animals and humans. Transmission can be zoonotic or human. Can occur from handling sick/dead primates and fruit bats, including bushmeat, and exposure to blood/bodily fluids via broken skin or mucous membranes. Does NOT spread by insects, water, food, or aerosol. Symptoms include flu-like symptoms initially, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, low bp, anemia, petechiae rash, hemorrhaging, cerebral edema, multiorgan failure, coma, and death.
  5. 11. Negative sense ssRNA virus contained in 3 segments. Contain bunyaviruses.
  6. 12. Genera of viruses that can cause acute fatal encephalitis.
  7. 14. anti-rabies antibody conjugate used for staining. Composed of many antibodies and would recognize antigenic variants, but more difficult to read and non-specific staining more likely. 1 required for DFA.
  8. 15. Abrupt, major change in influenza a virus, leading to new hemagglutinin or new hemagglutinin-neuraminidase proteins. Potential to cause pandemics.
  9. 17. Parainfluenza virus characterized by barking cough. Can be caused by other viral and bacterial pathogens.
  10. 21. Presumed reservoir host for MERS.
  11. 23. Glycoprotein that mediates attachment and is primary target for immune response and for vaccine.
  12. 24. Causal agent of poliomyelitis with 3 antigenic types. Icosahedral small, enveloped, positive sense ssRNA with capsid composed of 4 virion proteins. Humans are only known natural host. Forms include abortive, non-paralytic, and paralytic.
  13. 25. Orthopneumovirus where most infected by 2 years of age and reinfection can occur. Two types, negative sense ssRNA, non-segmented, enveloped.
  14. 26. Member of coronaviridae family. Responsible for outbreak in 2002-2004. Symptoms include fever, persistent dry cough, headache, muscle pains, and difficulty breathing.
  15. 28. Caused by o.tsutsugamushi and is considered the world's most important rickettsial infection in terms of disease burden. Predominantly located in SE Asia, Indonesia, China, Japan, India, and Northern Australia. Symptoms can include mental changes, enlarged lymph nodes, and MP rash.
  16. 30. Heat stable DNA pol, exhibits 5′→3′ polymerase activity, 5′→3′ exonuclease activity, and does not have 3′–5′ proof-reading activity.
  17. 31. Subtle change in surface glycoprotein (hemagglutinin or neuraminidase) caused by a point mutation or deletion in viral gene. Potential to cause epidemics.
  18. 34. Extracted viral nucleic acid usually prepared to a known Ct value.
  19. 35. Member of flaviviridae family. An arbovirus that is transmitted via Aedes mosquito and can result in birth defects such as microcephaly if infected while pregnant.
  20. 36. Order of primarily arthropod-borne viruses that include LaCrosse encephalitis, Rift Valley Fever, Sandfly fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS).
  21. 41. Caused by coxiella burnetii and considered a select agent. Not a rickettsia and closely related to legionella. Reservoir is domestic livestock and is transmitted via inhalation of aerosolized spores from urine, feces, amniotic fluid, and placental tissue. Primarily affects those working with animals (farmers, vets, ect). Infects alveolar macrophages. Acute symptoms include prolonged high fever, pneumonia, hepatitis, and rash is rare. Chronic form is includes relapses months to years after onset and endocarditis.
  22. 42. Receptors responsible for cell adhesion and immune modulation. Cleaved by hemagglutinin in influenza.
  23. 43. anti-rabies antibody conjugate used for staining. Little to no cross-reactivity, easier to read than other slides/less non-specific staining, and "locked" into specific variants . 2 required for DFA.
  24. 46. Coronaviruses resulting in the common cold.
  25. 48. Large, segmented, genome and enveloped positive sense ssRNA with spike proteins resembling crown. Transmission can be respiratory or fecal-oral.
  26. 52. Small obligate INTRACELLULAR Gram negative bacteria with small A/T rich genome and initially mistaken for a virus. Can infect via endothelial cell invasion. Transmission via ticks, fleas, lice, or mites. Primarily arthropod vectors and responsible for spotted fever or typhus.
  27. 53. neutralization assay to determine individual's neutralizing antibody levels. Titer correlates with immunity and can aid in diagnosis, determine antobidy level of vaccinated staff, post-exposure immune status, and vaccine efficacy trials. Titer of 1:5 is considered indicator for adequate immune response.
  28. 54. oval inclusions in cytoplasm of nerve cells of animals with rabies. Not sensitive or specific enough for diagnostic testing and it is not pathognomonic for rabies.
  29. 55. Member of flaviviridae family and closely related to WNV, as well as being clinically similar. Arbovirus transmitted by Culex mosquito.
  30. 56. Glycoprotein that cleaves proteins to allow fusion of viral and cellular membranes and requires trypsin to facilitate infection.
  31. 57. Member of togaviridae family and transmitted by Culex or Aedes mosquito. Last case in CA reported in 1986.
  32. 59. part of brain that is long, does not have striations or grooves, and is required brain tissue for DFA.
  33. 60. Type of virus that routinely circulates among wild birds and not associated with seasonal influenza.
  34. 61. Member of flaviviridae family. An arbovirus that is transmitted via Aedes mosquito. Also known as breakbone fever. 80% are asymptomatic but symptoms can include nausea/vomiting, rash, myalgia/arthralgia, tourniquet test (+), and leukopenia. Severe bleeding or organ impairment can occur in severe cases. Vaccine preventable but risky, requires previous infection, and can pose risk of ADE.
  35. 65. Icosahedral and composed of pentons, vertices, and fibers. linear, dsDNA and non-enveloped. Infect and replicate epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, eye, GI tract, and urinary tract.
  36. 67. Likelihood of a negative test being a true negative. Rate decreases during outbreaks and increases during non-outbreak periods.
  37. 68. Form of typhus caused by r.typhi, with rats, cats, and opossum as reservoir hosts.
  38. 70. Viruses responsible for pulmonary syndromes and hemorrhagic fevers.
  39. 71. Metapneumovirus that is an important cause of bronchiolitis in young children. Neurologic involvement and reinfection can occur.
  40. 72. Negative sense ssRNA enveloped virus family and includes rabies virus.
  41. 73. Form of rickettsia caused by r.prowazekii via louse. Considered a select agent and humans are the primary reservoir, along with the southern flying squirrel. Symptoms include cough, maculopapular rash, confusion, and case fatality can be 10-30% if left untreated.
  42. 74. Member of flaviviridae family. An arbovirus that is transmitted via Culex mosquito. Three types: asymptomatic, fever, or neuroinvasive disease.
  43. 75. Enveloped, negative sense ssRNA with non-segmented genome and genera metapneumovirus and orthopneumovirus.
  44. 76. Member of hantaviridae family. Acute febrile illness with prodrome of fever, chills, myalgia, headache, GI symptoms, and disease often progressing rapidly to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
  45. 78. Type of virus that causes seasonal influenza.
  46. 79. Caused by e.chaffeensis and transmitted via amblyomma americanum (lone star tick). Reservoir hosts include deer, rodents, and dogs. Infects tissue macrophages and monocytes. Symptoms include ILI, neurological manifestations, and leukopenia.
  47. 80. part of brain that is cauliflower-like in appearance and has striations. Required brain tissue for DFA and in cross-section form containing left and right lobes as well as vermis.
  48. 81. Part of picornaviridae family, positive sense ssRNA and acid stable. causal agents of aseptic meningitis, respiratory illness, acute flaccid paralysis, and Hand/Foot/Mouth disease.
  49. 82. Endoribonuclease that cleaves other RNA molecules at the junction between a single-stranded region and the 5′ end of a double-stranded region.
Down
  1. 2. Member of astroviridae family with star shape on surface of virion. Small, non-enveloped ssRNA. Responsible for 1-10% of GI infections in children 1-5 years of age and more common in cooler months/rainy season in developing countries. Possible neurological involvement with type VA-1.
  2. 3. Enveloped negative sense ssRNA with non-segmented genome and result in PIV 1-4.
  3. 4. Large virus family with small positive sense ssRNA, icosahedral, nonenveloped, and have the genus enterovirus and parechovirus. Have fecal-oral and respiratory transmission routes.
  4. 5. Part of bunyavirales order/hantaviridae family with no known arthropod vector associated with this virus.
  5. 6. Collective term for viruses that are arthropod-borne. Not a family name and encompasses multiple families of viruses.
  6. 8. Vector of hantavirus. Chronically infected rodent transmits virus to other rodent and virus is present in aerosolized urine.
  7. 10. Adenoviridae family with serotypes 40 and 41. Icosahedral, non-enveloped DNA virus.
  8. 13. optional brain tissue for DFA is cerebellum cannot be used. Cross-section of left and right required.
  9. 16. Enveloped, icosahedral, positive sense ssRNA that is non-segmented. Multiple viruses belonging to this family fall under arboviruses.
  10. 18. Family of enveloped, segmented, negative sense ssRNA genome viruses acquired through inhalation of respiratory secretions.
  11. 19. Most common cause of croup worldwide, with 1 causing 50% of all croup cases.
  12. 20. Virus that causes severe acute progressive encephalitis with near 100% fatality rate when symptoms set in. Virus travels to brain via retrograde neuron transport. No viremia. Pre and post exposure prophylaxis available pre-symptom onset.
  13. 22. Common lung infection in children and young infants. Characterized by inflammation and congestion of bronchioles, making breathing difficult from mucus collection in airways. Almost always caused by viruses, including HSV, HMPV, and PIV 3.
  14. 27. Member of caliciviridae family. Non-enveloped, 11 segment dsRNA. Leading cause of gastroenteritis in young children 6months of age and leading cause of childhood mortality in developing countries. Oral vaccine available for children at 2, 4, and 6 months.
  15. 29. Member of filoviridae family. Primarily found in sub-saharan Africa. Signs and symptoms include fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, rash with raised and flat bumps (often on the torso), chest pain, sore throat, and nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
  16. 32. occurring or performed after death.
  17. 33. occurring or performed before death.
  18. 37. Second most common source of rabies transmission in CA.
  19. 38. Member of flaviviridae family. An arbovirus that is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito. Vaccine preventable and symptoms include fever, headache, jaundice, nausea, vomiting, backache. Severe symptoms also include bleeding, shock, organ failure, and case fatality is 30-60%.
  20. 39. gold standard assay used to detect infection with rabies
  21. 40. Order of viruses that are small intracellular Gram-negative bacteria.
  22. 44. Usually water with an expected non-reaction.
  23. 45. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. Enzyme that converts RNA to cDNA.
  24. 47. Consist of acute stage and late stages. The acute stage has inc period of 3-14 days and has inoculation eschar, high fever, myalgia, headache, abdominal fever. Rash may be present. Late stage can involve meningoencephalitis, acute renal failure, ARDS, cutaneous necrosis, shock, and seizures.
  25. 49. A/B are causes of seasonal illness H and N spikes. Typical symptoms include abrupt onset of URT signs and symptoms as well as fever, chills, myalgia, headache, malaise, nonproductive cough, sore throat,and rhinitis.
  26. 50. Negative sense, enveloped ssRNA virus family that encodes 7 proteins. Viruses belonging to this family can cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and death rates have ranged from 25-90%.
  27. 51. Member of coronaviridae family. Responsible for outbreak in middle east in 2012 with high mortality rate (36%, 60% if co-morbidities present). Ranges from asymptomatic, to mild respiratory illness, to severe pneumonia with ARDS, to death. Symptoms include fever, chills, shortness of breath with rapid progression to pneumonia within first week, GI symptoms, ARDS, kidney failure, and death. No vaccine available and no specific antiviral treatment.
  28. 58. Member of caliciviridae family. Non-enveloped, icosahedral, positive sense ssRNA. Leading cause of viral gastroenteritis in the US, with no vaccine or antiviral available. Low infectious dose with high level of shedding. Inc period is 1.5 days and shedding can occur for up to two weeks (chronic shedding in immunosuppressed individuals). Fecal-oral transmission.
  29. 62. Member of togaviridae family. An arbovirus transmitted by Aedes mosquito. Symptoms include headache, muscle pain, joint swelling, and rash. Can be mistaken for other arboviruses.
  30. 63. Member of coronaviridae family. Responsible for worldwide pandemic in the 2020s.Inc 2-14 days after exposure. Can be asymptomatic but symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, fatigue, headache, muscle aches, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, pneumonia, shortness of breath, and anosmia.
  31. 64. Member of caliciviridae family, non-enveloped, icosahedral, positive sense ssRNA with morphology similar to the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis in the US. Associated with outbreaks, but less common.
  32. 66. Form of rickettsia caused by r.rickettsii that results in undifferentiated febrile illness. Highly pathogenic and reservoir hosts include rodents, dogs, and ticks. Vectors include dermacentor variabilis ( American dog tick), d.andersoni (RM tick), and rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick).
  33. 69. Part of picornaviridae family and enterovirus genus. Most common cause of common cold. Acid labile and replicates in URT/LRT.
  34. 77. Likelihood of a positive test being a true positive. Rate increases during outbreak and decreases during non-outbreak periods.