Virus

1. A viral replication cycle that results in the lysis (destruction) of the host cell
3. A newly discovered (2024) virus-like entity with a simple RNA structure
4. A side effect of some HIV medications involving abnormal fat redistribution in the body
6. (CPEs) Observable changes or damage to host cells caused by viral infection
9. An infectious agent composed solely of protein, lacking nucleic acid, that can cause neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., mad cow disease)
11. Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy; a combination of drugs used to treat HIV infection by inhibiting viral replication
12. A protein on the surface of immune cells that HIV uses to enter cells; some individuals lack CCR5 and are resistant to HIV infection
13. A complete, infectious virus particle capable of infecting a host cell
17. A virus that has an outer lipid membrane (envelope) derived from the host cell, often containing viral proteins for attachment
18. A virus that infects bacteria; often used in research and phage therapy

2. A gene-editing system derived from bacteria, used experimentally to target and remove viral DNA (e.g., HIV provirus) from host cells
3. A virus capable of causing cancer by altering host cell DNA (e.g., HPV, EBV)
5. Transcriptase An enzyme used by retroviruses like HIV to convert RNA into DNA
7. A plant virus that infects tobacco plants and was among the first viruses discovered
8. A clear area in a cell culture or bacterial lawn where host cells have been destroyed by viral infection
10. A viral replication cycle in which the viral genome integrates into the host genome and remains dormant without immediately destroying the cell
13. A small, circular RNA molecule that infects plants and lacks a protein coat
14. Intracellular Parasites Organisms (such as viruses) that must invade a host cell to replicate, using the host’s cellular machinery
15. The spectrum of host cells or organisms that a particular virus can infect
16. The protein coat that surrounds the genetic material of a virus