Across
- 5. any organism that contains genes that originated in another organism
- 7. bacteriophages serve as vectors to transfer DNA from one bacterial cell to another
- 8. proteins that block transcription
- 9. proteins proteins that bacterial DNA winds around
- 11. genes genes that are transcribed until turned off; default position is ON
- 12. Position a change (mutation) the third nucleotide of a codon may not change the amino acid coded for due to redundancy
- 14. the 5-carbon sugar in DNA nucleotides
- 17. extrachromosomal DNA
- 18. composes the ribosome; it is literally part of its structure
- 19. Operon a repressible operon composed of 5 genes involved in tryptophan synthesis
- 20. Replication semi conservative process where each daughter dsDNA molecule contains 1 of the original parental DNA strands
- 22. mRNA is used to produce a protein
- 23. base component of a nucleotide (G, C, A, T, or U)
- 25. the organelles of protein production in living organisms
- 27. genes expressed at a fixed rate; always "turned on"
- 30. tryptophan itself acts as this in the trp operon when there is enough tryptophan in the cell
- 32. the sum of all gene types - organism's distinctive genetic makeup
- 34. physical or chemical agents that disrupt DNA
- 35. viruses that serve as vectors to transfer DNA from one bacterial cell to another
- 37. the loss of base pairs
- 38. DNA Technology deliberately remove genetic material from one organism and combine it with that of a different organism
- 39. a conservative process in which the donor bacterium retains a copy of the genetic material being transferred; replicated DNA passes across from one cell to another
- 41. segment of DNA where RNA polymerase initiates transcription of structural genes
- 44. mechanism the enzyme that replicates DNA (DNA Polymerase) has this to repair mistakes in replication
- 47. the monomers of nucleic acids
- 48. expression of the genotype creates traits
- 49. mutation results from exposure to known mutagens
Down
- 1. one base is replaced by another base
- 2. proteins proteins that eukaryotic DNA winds around
- 3. Dogma of Life DNA -> mRNA -> Protein
- 4. inhibits gene expression and decreases protein synthesis
- 6. a distinct cellular structure composed of DNA & protein
- 7. a chromosome released by a lysed cell breaks into fragments small enough to be accepted by a recipient cell
- 10. segment of DNA that controls transcription of structural genes by binding to a repressor protein
- 13. set of operator and promoter sites and the structural genes they control
- 15. mutation a random change in the DNA arising from errors in replication
- 16. dsDNA is used to synthesize an RNA molecule
- 21. initiates induction
- 24. carries a specific type of amino acid over to the growing protein
- 26. the study of inheritance, or heredity of living things
- 28. turns on gene expression
- 29. Gene Transfer any transfer of DNA that results in organisms acquiring new genes that did not come from parent organisms
- 30. (cyclic AMP) an alarmone that builds up in a cell when glucose is not available
- 31. the 5-carbon sugar in RNA nucleotides
- 33. the total sum of genetic material (DNA, specifically) of a living organism or virus
- 34. any change to the nucleotide sequence in the genome
- 36. groups of 3 nucleotides in mRNA that each encode for an amino acid
- 38. an event in which one bacterium donates DNA to another bacterium
- 40. the addition of base pairs
- 42. genes genes that are only activated by specific environmental stimuli; default position is OFF
- 43. cells cells that are capable of accepting free genetic material
- 45. Operon an inducible operon in E. coli that encodes enzymes needed to metabolize lactose
- 46. (catabolic activator protein) binds cAMP and then binds to a site in the lac promoter, turbocharging transcription