Viruses

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Across
  1. 4. An infectious agent composed solely of a short strand of RNA, without a protein coat, that infects plants.
  2. 6. A molecule, often found on the surface of pathogens or infected cells, that triggers an immune response, prompting the body to produce antibodies or other immune defenses. An example is the spike protein on the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
  3. 8. An enzyme that allows RNA viruses to replicate their RNA genome by copying RNA into RNA, essential for their replication cycle.
  4. 12. A virus that infects bacteria, often used in research and therapies to target bacterial infections.
  5. 13. a lipid bilayer membrane that surrounds the protein capsid of certain viruses, derived from the host cell's membrane during the viral budding process. This envelope contains viral proteins that are essential for the virus's ability to infect host cells.
  6. 14. A type of viral replication cycle where the virus takes control of the host cell, causing it to burst and release new viral particles.
  7. 15. A class of drugs or therapies used to prevent or treat viral infections by inhibiting viral replication or its ability to enter host cell.
  8. 16. A viral replication cycle in which the virus integrates its genetic material into the host cell's genome, remaining dormant for a period before potentially switching to the lytic cycle.
  9. 17. A protein shell that surrounds and protects a virus's genetic material, playing a crucial role in delivering the viral genome into host cells. Shapes can be helical, icosahedral, or complex.
Down
  1. 1. A biological preparation that is administered by injection, to stimulate the body's immune response against a specific infectious agent or disease.
  2. 2. An enzyme used by retroviruses to transcribe RNA into DNA, allowing the virus to integrate its genetic material into the host genome and replicate.
  3. 3. A protein produced by the immune system that recognizes and binds to specific antigens, neutralizing or marking them for destruction by other immune cells.
  4. 5. A type of infectious agent composed entirely of protein, capable of inducing abnormal folding of normal proteins in the brain, leading to neurological diseases.
  5. 7. The double-stranded genetic material that is the blueprint for most living organisms and some viruses.
  6. 9. An organism or cell that a virus infects and uses to replicate its genome. Often damaged or killed in the process.
  7. 10. A type of virus with RNA as its genetic material, which uses reverse transcriptase to convert its RNA genome into DNA, integrating it into the host's DNA. Examples include HIV.
  8. 11. A type of genetic material composed of nucleotides, often used by viruses to carry genetic instructions. It is converted into DNA by the enzyme reverse transcriptase or replicated by RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.