Across
- 3. The official 1054 split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church over power and theological disputes.
- 4. A large, flat, unforested grassland area in southeastern Europe/Asia, serving as a highway for migrating peoples.
- 5. The capital city of the Byzantine Empire (modern Istanbul), strategically located between Europe and Asia.
- 10. Art created by arranging small, colored pieces (enamel, glass, or stone) to form images, often used in Byzantine churches.
- 11. A comprehensive, organized collection of Roman laws (Corpus Juris Civilis) commissioned by Emperor Justinian I to streamline the legal system.
- 12. An alphabet developed in the 9th century by Saints Cyril and Methodius, used to write Slavic languages and translate the Bible.
Down
- 1. The Eastern branch of Christianity that separated from Rome, centered in Constantinople and led by a Patriarch.
- 2. A Russian title for a monarch, derived from "Caesar," used to denote an absolute ruler.
- 6. The highest-ranking bishop in the Eastern Orthodox Church.
- 7. "Holy Wisdom"; a massive cathedral in Constantinople built by Emperor Justinian, representing the pinnacle of Byzantine architecture.
- 8. Religious images (paintings, mosaics) of holy figures used for veneration by Eastern Christians.
- 9. A Mongol khanate that dominated Russia from the 13th to 15th centuries, demanding tribute while allowing local princes to rule.