Across
- 2. A peasant bound to the lord's land, unable to leave without permission, who provided labor in exchange for protection.
- 4. Referring to an idealized, perfect society
- 10. A tribunal established in 1478 to enforce Catholic orthodoxy, targeting converts from Judaism and Islam, as well as heretics.
- 11. An intellectual movement during the Renaissance focusing on human potential, achievements, and the study of classical texts.
- 13. A powerful Germanic tribe that established a lasting kingdom in Gaul (modern France/Germany) and strengthened ties with the Catholic Church.
- 14. A complex code of conduct governing the behaviors of knights in the late Middle Ages, emphasizing bravery, loyalty, and Christian virtues.
- 15. The lord's self-sufficient landed estate, including the house, village, and surrounding fields worked by serfs.
- 17. An estate of land granted by a lord to a vassal, which formed the economic basis of feudalism.
- 18. A wealthy person (like a king, noble, or pope) who provided financial support for artists, writers, and scholars.
- 19. Pertaining to worldly matters rather than religious ones; non-spiritual.
- 21. Diverse groups (e.g., Goths, Franks, Vandals) that migrated into the Western Roman Empire, bringing their own laws and traditions and forming the foundations of modern European nations.
- 22. Germanic tribes (Angles and Saxons) that settled in Britain in the 5th century, forming several kingdoms.
- 23. Nomadic warriors from Central Asia who raided Europe and eventually settled in present-day Hungary.
Down
- 1. A pandemic that devastated Europe in the mid-14th century, causing massive population loss and changing the economic structure.
- 3. A rebirth of classical learning, art, and culture that began in Italy during the 14th century, marking the transition to modern history.
- 5. A noble who received land (fief) from a higher lord in exchange for loyalty, protection, and military service.
- 6. A political and social system in medieval Europe based on a hierarchy of loyalties, where land was exchanged for military service.
- 7. The lending of money with interest; often forbidden or heavily restricted by the church in the Middle Ages.
- 8. A document signed by King John of England in 1215 that limited the monarch's power and established rights for citizens.
- 9. A long conflict (1337-1453) between England and France over territorial rights, which solidified national identities.
- 12. Relating to the Middle Ages, the period in Europe between the fall of Rome (c. 476) and the Renaissance.
- 15. Central Asian nomads who created the largest contiguous land empire, bringing both destruction and trade stability across Eurasia.
- 16. A series of religious wars initiated by the Latin Church to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslim rulers.
- 20. A unified legal system in England based on custom and court rulings rather than codified statutes.