Vocab #9

5. A peasant bound to a lord’s land who worked it in return for protection.
8. A Catholic court established to identify and punish heresy in Spain.
10. Nomadic warriors from Central Asia who built the largest land empire in history under Genghis Khan.
11. Groups such as the Goths, Vandals, and Saxons who migrated across Europe and shaped early medieval kingdoms.
12. The practice of charging interest on loans, often considered immoral in medieval Europe.
15. A 1215 English charter limiting the king’s power and establishing rights for nobles.
18. A knight’s code of honor stressing bravery, loyalty, and protection of the weak.
19. Describing an ideal, perfect society that is often impossible to achieve.
20. Nomadic raiders from Central Asia who later settled in present‑day Hungary.
21. Refers to the Middle Ages, the period between the fall of Rome and the Renaissance.
22. A Renaissance movement focusing on human potential, individual achievement, and classical learning.
23. A wealthy supporter of artists, writers, or scholars during the Renaissance.
24. A legal system based on court decisions and customs rather than written codes.

1. A powerful Germanic kingdom in Western Europe; Charlemagne was their most famous ruler.
2. Land granted by a lord to a vassal under the feudal system.
3. A long conflict between England and France (1337–1453) over territory and royal succession.
4. Concerned with worldly matters rather than religion.
6. The lord’s estate, including farmland, villages, and the manor house; the center of medieval life.
7. Germanic peoples who settled in England after Roman rule and formed early English culture.
9. A political and social system where land was exchanged for loyalty and service.
13. A noble who pledged loyalty and military service to a lord in exchange for land.
14. A devastating bubonic plague that killed millions in Europe during the 14th century.
16. A cultural rebirth in Europe marked by renewed interest in art, learning, and classical ideas.
17. A series of religious wars where European Christians attempted to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control.