Across
- 1. – Nomadic warriors from Central Asia who created the largest contiguous empire in history under leaders like Genghis Khan.
- 3. – A large estate in medieval Europe that was self-sufficient and controlled by a lord, including land, villages, and peasants.
- 4. – Concerned with worldly rather than religious matters, especially prominent during the Renaissance.
- 6. – The practice of charging interest on loans, often condemned by the medieval Church but eventually accepted in commerce.
- 8. – A decentralized political and social system in medieval Europe where land was exchanged for service and protection.
- 10. – A nomadic people who invaded central Europe in the 9th and 10th centuries and later founded the Kingdom of Hungary.
- 11. – A medieval code of conduct associated with knighthood, emphasizing honor, bravery, and respect for women and the weak.
- 13. – A peasant bound to a lord’s land and subject to his control, with limited personal freedom in the feudal system.
- 15. Law – A legal system based on customs, court rulings, and judicial precedents developed in medieval England.
- 17. Tribes – Groups of nomadic peoples from northern Europe who played a key role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the formation of medieval European kingdoms.
- 19. – A Renaissance intellectual movement that emphasized human potential, classical learning, and secular subjects.
- 20. – A Germanic tribe that established a powerful Christian kingdom in Western Europe under leaders like Charlemagne.
- 22. Death (Bubonic Plague) – A devastating pandemic that killed millions across Europe and Asia in the 14th century, reshaping societies.
- 23. – Referring to an ideal society that is imagined as perfect in laws, politics, and living conditions, famously described by Thomas More.
Down
- 1. – Referring to the Middle Ages, a period in European history from about 500 to 1500 marked by feudalism and the dominance of the Church.
- 2. – A person in the feudal system who pledged loyalty and military service to a lord in exchange for land or protection.
- 5. – A series of religious wars launched by European Christians to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control between the 11th and 13th centuries.
- 7. – A cultural revival of art, learning, and classical knowledge that began in Italy in the 14th century and spread across Europe.
- 9. – A wealthy supporter of the arts, especially during the Renaissance, who funded artists, architects, and scholars.
- 12. Years’ War – A prolonged conflict between England and France (1337–1453) over territorial claims and royal succession.
- 14. Inquisition – A Catholic church-led tribunal in Spain that persecuted Jews, Muslims, and heretics during the late Middle Ages and Renaissance.
- 16. Carta – A 1215 English document that limited the king’s power and laid the foundation for modern democracy and legal rights.
- 18. – A piece of land granted by a lord to a vassal under the feudal system in return for service and loyalty.
- 21. – Germanic peoples who settled in England after the fall of the Roman Empire and shaped early English culture and language.