Vocabulary

4. The movement of African peoples to new regions in search of land, resources, or trade.
8. A land ruled by a king or queen with organized government.
10. The passing of history and culture through storytelling instead of writing.
12. The exchange of goods between people or regions.
13. The growing of crops and raising of animals that allowed societies to settle permanently.
14. A major river that supported farming, trade, and settlement in northeastern Africa.
16. The ability to make tools and weapons from iron, improving farming and defense.
17. A region along Africa’s eastern coast influenced by Indian Ocean trade and early kingdoms.
19. The traditions, beliefs, languages, and customs shared by African societies.
21. The largest hot desert in the world that shaped trade routes and migration in Africa.

1. A group of traders traveling together, often across deserts.
2. A large continent with diverse climates and landscapes where many early civilizations developed.
3. A group of territories controlled by a single powerful ruler or government.
5. Paths used by traders to move goods across land or sea.
6. A trading system in Western Africa where gold was exchanged for salt.
7. The movement of Bantu-speaking peoples across Africa spreading farming and ironworking.
9. A region known for powerful trading kingdoms and the gold–salt trade.
11. An ancient kingdom along the Nile River, south of Egypt, famous for ironworking and wealth.
13. The belief that spirits live in nature, animals, and objects.
15. The process of training plants or animals for human use.
18. A grassy plain with scattered trees, ideal for herding and farming.
20. A major trading empire in Eastern Africa known for coinage and early Christianity.