Vocabulary Ch2-4 G1

1. Special ovens used to bake clay into pottery, later adapted for metal smelting.
3. People who study matter and how substances change, especially after the age of alchemy.
4. A period of history that happened before the birth of Christ.
7. The pointed metal or stone tip of a spear, used for hunting or fighting.
10. Rocks that contain useful metals that can be extracted.
11. Decorative objects made from metals or stones in early civilizations.
13. A material added in smelting to help remove unwanted substances.
14. Thinkers who use observation and experiments to understand the natural world.
15. Heating ores in a fire or furnace to extract metals.
16. A heavy, soft, gray metal known since ancient times.
17. Researchers who study ancient cultures by examining objects and ruins.

2. Unwanted materials mixed with metals in ores.
5. A chemical process where oxygen is removed from an ore to release pure metal.
6. An ancient civilization from Mesopotamia (Iraq/Iran), 6000 years ago.
7. Something hidden, covered, or mysterious.
8. A farming tool with a flat blade used for digging and planting.
9. The “New Stone Age” (7000–4000 BC), when farming, pottery, and early metal use began.
12. A silvery metal often combined with copper to make bronze.
14. The act of removing unwanted material floating on melted metal.
18. Rough and twisted in shape, often describing old wood or roots.