Across
- 6. Magma is lighter than the solid rock around it, so it rises. Eventually, some of the magma pushes through _________ creating a volcanic eruption
- 7. Holes, cracks, or fissures are on the surface near volcanoes. They emit steam and volcanic gases, such as sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide. ________ create pathways for rising heat, volcanic gas, and magma.
- 9. This type of deadly flow contains fast-moving volcanic matter and hot gas. _______-______moves away from a volcano and incorporates tephra. When lava domes collapse, it can create hot density currents.
- 11. When sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emitted from volcanoes reacts with water molecules in the air, it produces _____ _____.
- 12. These molten rocks are thrown out from a volcano and are at least 66mm in size. On exit, they cool down and become extrusive igneous rocks.
Down
- 1. These clouds of heated ash and tephra are released from a vent during an explosive volcanic eruption. Within ______-______ and cloud, highly charged particles can generate thunder and lightning.
- 2. When hot volcanic material mixes with water from streams or snow and ice, _______ mudflows form. Mudflows can bury entire communities like Mount St. Helens in the 1980s. The positive outcome is that volcanic material breaks down and weather to form some of the most fertile soils.
- 3. Ash falls back down like powdery snow. But it’s snow that won’t melt. These blankets of ash suffocate plants and animals. The eruption cloud can extend up to 12 miles above a volcano. Then, it can reach thousands of kilometers in distance, raining ash over regions.
- 4. When lava is too thick and sticky, it piles up around the vent and forms ______. These circular mounds protrude from volcanoes because of the slow release of viscous lava.
- 5. If magma is thick and sticky, gases cannot escape easily. Pressure builds up until the gases escape violently and explode. This type of eruption magma blasts up into the air and breaks apart into pieces called tephra. _____ can range in size from tiny particles of ash to house-size boulders. This destroys everything in its path.
- 8. Magma that erupts is called lava. If magma is thin and runny, gases can escape easily from it. When this type of magma erupts, _____-_______ outside the volcano. These are the molten rock that oozes onto the Earth’s surface after a volcano eruption.
- 10. When rocks become so hot they become liquid
- 13. Openings stemming down into the pool of magma. ______ and fumaroles act like a window so scientists can get a glimpse of the gases inside volcanoes.