Week 5

1. The formal licensing process through which universities obtain state recognition, often described as a site of large-scale bribery.
3. The cultural normalization of informal exchange that makes corruption appear routine or inevitable.
7. The quality that educational systems claim to reward, but which informal exchanges often undermine.
9. The practice of paying someone else to complete assignments or academic work.
10. The standardized testing reform introduced to reduce admissions corruption.
11. A Soviet-era system of personal networks that merged with monetary exchanges in post-Soviet universities.
12. A credential that, in some cases, can be purchased either unofficially or with official registration.

2. A parallel informal system that operates beneath formal university procedures.
4. A figure (often a group leader or assistant) who facilitates bribe transfers.
5. A method of disguised bribery in which expensive private lessons imply guaranteed exam success.
6. A special admissions category that became vulnerable to manipulation through fake medical documentation.
8. Preferential treatment based on kinship or personal relationships rather than academic qualifications.