Westward Expansion

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Across
  1. 2. Road - a road that ran through Cherokee territory which connected eastern and western Georgia.
  2. 3. Indians - American Indian tribe that lived in southern Georgia; was removed from the state through treaties in the 1820’s.
  3. 6. Indians - Native American tribe that lived in northwestern Georgia; forcefully removed from the state in the early 1830’s.
  4. 10. System - land allocation approach that provided the head of a family up to 200 acres of free land in the Georgia frontier.
  5. 12. Crisis - a national emergency in 1832 when South Carolina attempted to make null and void the National Tariff of 1832. As tensions increased South Carolina threatened secession and Andrew Jackson threatened to send troops.
  6. 14. Lottery - land allocation approach that gave the average Georgian a chance to buy land at pennies on the dollar.
  7. 16. of Georgia - the first state sponsored public University in the United States; founded in 1785.
  8. 18. - an acronym for the capitals of Georgia: Savannah, Augusta, Louisville, Milledgeville, and Atlanta.
  9. 21. John (1790-1866) - Principal Chief of the Cherokee Indians who tried to use legal means to fight against removal.
  10. 24. - one of the major technological advances in the 19th century. Georgia was one of the leaders in railroad development in the 1830’s and many of Georgia’s towns and cities were established due to the railroad.
  11. 26. John (1755-1835) - Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme court who ruled in favor of the Cherokee in the Worcester vs. Georgia case; President Andrew Jackson refused to enforce the Supreme Court’s ruling.
  12. 27. Eli - created an early cotton gin that separated the cotton seeds from the cotton lint.
Down
  1. 1. v. Georgia (1832) - landmark Supreme Court case which declared that the Cherokee were sovereign and not subject to the laws of the United States. However, Andrew Jackson refused to enforce the Court’s decision and the Cherokee were later removed from Georgia.
  2. 4. of Tears - final removal of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia in 1838; over 4,000 people died on the forced march from Georgia to Oklahoma.
  3. 5. of Horse Shoe Bend (March, 27, 1814) - battle between the U.S. and its Indian allies against the Red Creek Creeks; last battle of the Creek War.
  4. 7. Sticks - Creek Indians during the Red Stick War who were loyal to the United States
  5. 8. Act (1795) - Georgia act signed by Georgia Governor George Mathews that transferred 35 million acres of land in present day Alabama to four land companies for $500,000; this led to the Yazoo Land Fraud.
  6. 9. William (1778-1825) - Creek chief who illegally signed the Second Treaty of Indian Springs; was murdered by his tribesmen for this action.
  7. 11. - an early name for the city of Atlanta; in 1837, this was the site where the end of the Western and Atlantic Railroad “terminated,” hence the name Terminus; this name was never an official name.
  8. 13. Removal Act of 1830 - act signed into law by Andrew Jackson that required the removal of the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole to Indian Territory.
  9. 15. Andrew (1767-1845) - seventh president of the United States who was an advocate of Indian Removal.
  10. 17. Land Fraud - an event where land companies bribed members of the Georgia General Assembly to sell land for pennies on the dollar.
  11. 19. Act of 1862 - provided federal money to colleges identified as “land grant universities” throughout the United States.
  12. 20. of Indian Springs - An 1821 treaty signed by the Creek Indians and the United States that forced the Creek Nation to cede all of its lands east of the Flint River in Georgia.
  13. 21. Stick War (1813-1814) - A Creek Indian civil war between the Red Stick and White Stick factions of the tribe. The Red Sticks want to resist white encroachment and return to their traditional society. The U.S. Army, the Tennessee and Georgia militia, and other Native American tribes joined in the war defeating the Red Sticks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814.
  14. 22. Treaty of Indian Springs - treaty signed by William McIntosh that gave the remainder of Creek land to Georgia; McIntosh was killed for this act.
  15. 23. of New Echota (1835) - a treaty between the U.S. Government and a minority representation of the Cherokee tribe that ceded all Cherokee land in the Southeast to the United States and allowed for their move to Indian territory (Oklahoma); three of the Cherokee signers of the treaty (Major Ridge, John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot) were killed for signing over Cherokee land for personal profit.
  16. 25. Gold Rush - Site of America’s first gold rush in 1828; discovery of gold in the area was a factor in the Cherokee removal.