Across
- 1. The __________ model of ecosystems understands nature as a circuit through which _________ flows.
- 2. James Lovelock's concept of the earth and all its processes as a living organism.
- 5. Today, scientists are inclined to include the ________ (non-living) elements of the ecosystem as active parts of the whole.
- 6. The first head of the Sierra Club who would have agreed with the transcendentalists.
- 10. The Judeo-Christian traditions may think of wilderness as harsh and cruel because the deserts of the Middle East were _______________.
- 12. In the ___________ model, species are seen as related to their environment as "organs are related to the body."
- 14. A species can be be defined in a community model by its ecological _________; for Elton, by "what it eats and what eats it."
- 16. the Wilderness Act sets aside areas to leave them ____________ for future use and enjoyment.
- 19. Counter to European settlers, Native Americans did not view "wilderness" as the _____________.
- 20. The study of living organisms in their environments.
- 21. This kind of holism claims that wholes (species and ecosystems, for instance) actually exist -- they are as real as their individual parts.
- 25. This term replaces the "organic model" and was a more all-inclusive term for the inhabitants, processes, and background environment of a biological community.
- 26. An American movement that believes deep meaning comes from inner feelings (intuition/imagination), not from science and technology.
- 28. One problem of the Wilderness Myth is that sees humans as ___________ from nature.
- 31. the dilemma of managing wilderness is illustrated in the first discussion of what to do about _________ timber in National Forests.
- 33. From an ecological perspective, _______ are good because they contribute to stable populations.
- 34. The Lockean Model would look at wildlife as "_______," a resource for human use.
- 37. Hume is one of many people who have pointed out that just because "this is the way things are" doesn't mean "this is the way things ________ to be."
- 39. The ecosystem perspective looks at _______ as fundamental parts of nature.
- 40. An acceptance of dualism (think of man and nature as two different things) can lead to thinking "man _________ nature."
- 42. _________, who wrote Walden Pond, was one of America's most well-known transcendentalists.
- 44. The ______________ fallacy concludes that "something is good or right based solely on a description of what is natural."
- 46. Callicott and Nelson suggest that it would be more helpful to look at wilderness as ___________ for other life forms.
- 47. The Lockean model looks at unused land as a ____________.
- 51. A __________ community is a stable and relatively permanent population of living things in an ecosystem.
- 52. This kind of holism would suggest that "wholes" are included in the moral community. . . that species and systems deserve moral consideration.
- 54. A preservationist has the problem of determining ______ the wilderness was pure -- before a fire? after a flood? before civilization?
Down
- 1. A basic assumption of all early ecological models is that ecosystems "tend toward a point of relative stability or ______________."
- 3. The Romantic Model sees nature as genuine, and society as _____________.
- 4. This concept is similar to saying "the whole is more than the sum of its parts."
- 7. The _____________ Model views the wilderness as unspoiled and uncorrupted nature -- a perfection, a paradise.
- 8. This kind of holism is not making a claim about what is real or existing, but simply emphasizes that thinking of a "whole" is simply a more functional way of dealing with environmental problems.
- 9. The early movement that embraced the Lockean model.
- 11. If there is no natural _______ or equilibrium, then we might not be inclined to try to preserve wilderness because it is constantly changing -- chaotic.
- 13. Thoreau said that _______ can be found not in opinion and tradition, but in our contact with nature.
- 15. The _______ _________ is an essential idea in the ecosystem view-- that all members of the ecological community affect one another, and react to one another.
- 17. The Wilderness _______ is the idea that, for one thing, the traditional concept of wilderness is scientifically unsound.
- 18. Sometimes in order to preserve what we see as the perfect state of nature requires human ________________.
- 22. The early Forest Service director who agreed with the Lockean model.
- 23. Early Conservationists supported the fire _______________ policy.
- 24. Environments can been seen as changing, healthy, young, mature, etc., under a natural ______________ standard.
- 27. Tansley's idea of ecosystems is more in line with _________: physics, chemistry, mathematics, biology.
- 29. The model of wilderness that is "an aggressive and antagonistic attitude toward the wilderness."
- 30. ____________ (name) suggests that right and wrong can be determines by what "tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community."
- 32. One of the problems for preservationists is that wilderness is not a static, ______________ place.
- 35. The __________ model of ecosystems understands nature like a community -- the relationships are like a citizens relationship to the community.
- 36. If we assume that ecosystems tend toward __________, then we might make bad policies or interfere because we think the ecosystem will eventually fix itself.
- 38. Clements (c. 1920), suggested that a climax community operates as its own ____________, going through stages of development.
- 41. European settlers used Biblical descriptions to describe the wilderness such as "the ________'s den"
- 43. Settlers on the Mayflower felt the had landed in a "____________" and desolate wilderness.
- 45. Today, scientists are less convinced that there is a natural equilibrium toward which a system moves, but that the "development" of a system is more ___________, not predictable.
- 48. The model of wilderness in which human labor transforms into "productive and valuable property."
- 49. Often ________ peoples are ignored in policies regarding wilderness.
- 50. Adam and Eve were sent into the "accursed" wilderness after they were disobedient in a beautiful and perfect place, __________.
- 53. One of the political problems of wilderness policy is whether or not __________ are a part of wilderness.