Across
- 1. a depression surrounding a castle, city wall, or other fortification, usually but not always filled with water
- 2. a woman who vows to dedicate her life to religious service, typically living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience in the enclosure of a monastery or convent
- 4. man who separates himself from society and lives either alone (a hermit or anchorite) or in an organized community in order to devote himself full time to religious life
- 6. usually comprised of tracts of agricultural land, a village whose inhabitants worked that land, and a manor house where the lord who owned or controlled the estate lived
- 7. an un-free person, esp one bound to the land
- 9. a female member of a royal family, usually the daughter of a king or queen or the wife of a prince
- 10. a church that contains the cathedral (Latin for 'seat') of a bishop
- 11. medieval stronghold, generally the residence of the king or lord of the territory in which it stands
- 12. the transfer of goods and services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money
- 13. the rural poor, rural residents, serfs, agricultural laborers, and the “common” or. “simple” people
- 14. one invested with a fief in return for services to an overlord
- 15. a piece of land that is ruled by a king or a queen
- 17. The wife or widow of a king
- 20. anyone who is involved in business or trade
- 22. the sovereign ruler of a small state in Continental Europe called a duchy
- 25. a surviving memorial of something past
- 27. a supreme ruler, sovereign over a nation or a territory, of higher rank than any other secular ruler except an emperor, to whom a king may be subject
- 28. the science and the art that deal with the use, display, and regulation of hereditary symbols employed to distinguish individuals, armies, institutions, and corporations
- 29. a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups
- 31. A defensive mound of earth or a wall with a broad top and usually a stone parapet; a wall-like ridge of earth, stones or debris; an embankment for defensive purpose
- 32. a titled peer of the realm or an aristocrat
Down
- 1. a person who reigns over a kingdom or empire
- 3. a chivalrous competition or mock fight in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (12th to 16th centuries)
- 5. the strongest portion of the fortification of a castle, the place of last resort in case of siege or attack
- 8. a member of the household of a nobleman or a monarch employed to entertain guests during the medieval and Renaissance eras
- 13. a male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family
- 16. a person who served his lord as a mounted and heavily armed soldier
- 18. system, a system in which people were given land and protection by people of higher rank, and worked and fought for them in return
- 19. to imply something wearisome or challenging
- 21. a general title for a prince or sovereign or for a feudal superior
- 23. a vassal's source of income, held from his lord in exchange for services
- 24. a code of honor that emphasized bravery, loyalty, and generosity for knights at war in the 11th and 12th centuries
- 26. a body of ordained ministers in a Christian church
- 30. a type of movable bridge typically at the entrance to a castle or tower surrounded by a moat