Across
- 5. logical procedure for gathering information and testing ideas
- 8. leader of the Mexican revolt after Hidalgo was defeated
- 13. French philosopher and author who believed in tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech
- 14. Portuguese explorer who rounded the tip of Africa
- 20. group of English people who founded a colony at Massachusetts Bay in 1630
- 22. someone accused of having a religious belief contrary to the teaching of the Church
- 24. Catholic court that investigated and punished people thought to be against the Church
- 26. document declaring American independence from Britain and the reasons for it.
- 28. French king who was an absolute ruler
- 30. important leader of Russia who started westernization
- 31. English scientist who discovered laws of motion and gravity
- 35. explorer who gave Portugal a direct sea route to India
- 39. American statesman; third president of the United States; author of the Declaration of Independence and one of its signers.
- 43. a period of rebirth of art and learning in Europe lasting from about 1300 to 1600
- 45. person who financially supported artists
- 46. belief that everyone is born with religious, ethical, and moral impulses
- 49. new way of thinking about the natural world based on careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs
- 54. agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government
- 55. economic policy of increasing wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and selling more goods than are bought
- 58. person who wanted to end the rule by kings and give full voting rights to all people
- 59. meetings in Vienna for the purpose of restoring order to Europe
- 60. period of Robespierre’s rule
- 61. Italian sculptor, architect, painter, and poet. Most famous works include the Sistine Chapel ceiling, the Creation of Adam, the Statue of David
- 63. king or queen with complete control
- 64. economic system based on private ownership and the investment of wealth for profit
- 66. promise made by Third Estate representatives to draw up a new constitution
- 67. wave of panic
- 68. idea that a ruler receives the right to rule from God
- 69. member of the Jacobin Club, a radical political organization
- 70. - war between Britain and France over land in North America
- 71. system in which each branch of government checks, or limits, the power of the other two branches.
- 72. German monk whose protests against the Catholic Church led to the Reformation
- 73. idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun
- 74. system of government in which power is divided between the national and state governments.
Down
- 1. priest who began the revolt against Spanish rule in Mexico
- 2. denial of Church teachings
- 3. weak king who came to French throne in 1774
- 4. use of western Europe as a model of change
- 6. Czarina of Russia who took steps to reform and modernize Russia
- 7. French Protestant who taught the idea of predestination
- 9. first permanent English settlement in North America
- 10. machine for beheading people
- 11. magnificent tomb built by Shah Jahan for his wife
- 12. global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas
- 15. concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters
- 16. German craftsman who developed the printing press
- 17. policy of forcing Russian culture on ethnic groups in the Russian Empire
- 18. unpopular queen; wife of Louis XVI
- 19. person who wanted to give more power to elected legislatures
- 21. movement in art that tried to show life as it really was
- 23. government controlled by religious leaders
- 25. French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate
- 27. famous Renaissance writer. Most famous works include: Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth
- 29. policy of burning fields and slaughtering livestock so that enemy troops would find nothing to eat
- 32. belief that truth could be found through reason or logical thinking
- 33. military leader who seized power in France
- 34. revolutionary leader who tried to wipe out every trace of France’s past monarchy and nobility
- 36. Italian painter, sculptor, architect, musician, engineer, and scientist. The prototypical "Renaissance Man". Most famous works include The Last Supper, Mona Lisa, and Salvator Mundi
- 37. law giving prisoners the right to obtain a document saying that the prisoner cannot go to jail without being brought before a judge
- 38. sudden takeover of a government
- 40. first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, which protect citizens’ basic rights and freedoms.
- 41. in the Middle Ages, view which held that the earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe
- 42. Portuguese supporter of exploration
- 44. 18th-century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society
- 47. an ideal place or a perfect, flawless society
- 48. government in which laws limit the monarch’s power
- 50. Italian scientist who invented the first working telescope; his discoveries put him into conflict w
- 51. belief that nothing could be known for certain
- 52. French political philosopher who explored democratic theories of government; he proposed a government divided into three branches and greatly influenced the United States Constitution.
- 53. buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas
- 56. ruler who added lands to Russia, gave it a code of laws, and also used his secret police to execute “traitors”
- 57. complete set of laws set up by Napoleon that eliminated many injustices
- 62. person who supported the monarchy
- 65. group of English people who founded the colony of Plymouth in 1620