Across
- 7. Term often used to describe the siphoning of money from Europe to pay for the luxury products of the East
- 9. Private trading company chartered by the English around 1600, mainly focused on India; it was given a monopoly on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples.
- 10. The massive, interconnected web of commerce in premodern times between the lands that bordered the Indian Ocean; the network was transformed as Europeans entered it in the centuries following 1500. Indian Ocean ______ ______
- 13. The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.
- 23. The Chinese practice of tightly wrapping girls' feet to keep them small, prevalent in the Song dynasty and later; an emphasis on small size and delicacy was central to views of female beauty.
- 24. Indian mystical and philosophical works written between 800 and 400 b.c.e.
- 26. A global industry in which French, British, and Dutch traders exported fur from North America to Europe, using Native American labor and with great environmental cost to the Americas
- 28. An academic center for research and translation of foreign texts that was established in Baghdad in 830 c.e. by the Abbasid caliph al-Mamun.
- 31. The monotheistic religion developed in the Middle East by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god
- 32. Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, parts of the Middle East, and much of North Africa; lasted in one form or another from the fourteenth to the early twentieth century.
- 34. A term used to describe the routes of the trans-Saharan trade, which linked interior West Africa to the Mediterranean and North African world.
- 36. The world's largest sea-based system of communication and exchange before 1500 c.e. Centered on India, it stretched from southern China to eastern Africa.
- 37. A period of unusually cool temperatures from the thirteenth to nineteenth centuries
- 38. A social system in which women have been made subordinate to men in the family and in society; often linked to the development of plow-based agriculture, intensive warfare, and private property.
- 39. Nickname used in the early modern period for animal furs, highly valued for their warmth and as symbols of elite status.
- 40. The standard Spanish silver coin used by merchants in North America, Europe, India, Russia, West Africa, and China.
Down
- 1. A massive pandemic that swept through Eurasia in the early fourteenth century, spreading along the trade routes within and beyond the Mongol Empire and reaching the Middle East and Western Europe by 1347. Associated with a massive loss of life.
- 2. The "way of the warrior," referring to the martial values of the Japanese samurai, including bravery, loyalty, and an emphasis on death over surrender.
- 3. Great Chinese admiral who commanded a huge fleet of ships in a series of voyages in the Indian Ocean that began in 1405.
- 4. Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade through military power rather than on control of peoples or territories.
- 5. The economic theory that governments served their countries' economic interests best by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion (precious metals such as silver and gold); helped fuel European colonialism.
- 6. Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that con quered the Aztec Empire in modern Mexico.
- 8. Imperial territories in which Europeans settled permanently in substantial numbers. Used in reference to the European empires in the Americas generally and particularly to the British colonies of North America.
- 11. A term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas, most prominently the product of unions between Spanish men and Native American women.
- 12. Land-based trade routes that linked many regions of Eurasia. They were named after the most famous product traded along these routes.
- 14. A term used to describe the "holy wars" waged by Western Christendom, especially against the forces of Islam in the eastern Mediterranean from 1095 to 1291 and on the Iberian Peninsula into the fifteenth century.
- 15. Introduced to North Africa and the Sahara in the early centuries of the Common Era, this animal made trans-Saharan commerce possible by 300 to 400 c.e.
- 16. Private trading company chartered by the Netherlands around 1600, mainly focused on Indonesia; it was given a monopoly on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples.
- 17. The global spread of African peoples via the slave trade.
- 18. A fairly small-scale commerce in enslaved people that flourished especially from 1100 to 1400, exporting West African slaves across the Sahara for sale in Islamic North Africa.
- 19. A religion based on the many beliefs, practices, sects, rituals, and philosophies in India; in the thinking of nineteenth-century Indian reformers, it was expressed as a distinctive tradition, an Indian religion wholly equivalent to Christianity.
- 20. A societal grouping governed by a chief who typically relies on generosity, ritual status, or charisma rather than force to win obedience from the people.
- 21. The enormous network of transatlantic communication, migration, trade, and the transfer of diseases, plants, and animals that began in the period of European exploration and colonization of the Americas.
- 22. Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood.
- 25. A Chinese philosophy / popular religion that advocates a simple and unpretentious way of living and alignment with the natural world, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.
- 27. The small number of African women who were able to exercise power and accumulate wealth through marriage to European traders.
- 29. A term that means "collection or gathering"; it refers to the Ottoman Empire's practice of removing young boys from their Christian subjects and training them for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps.
- 30. Birth name of the Mongol leader better known as Chinggis Khan (1162-1227), or "universal ruler," a name he acquired after unifying the Mongols.
- 33. Grandson of Chinggis Khan who ruled China from 1271 to 1294.
- 35. Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas; in many cases, up to 90 percent of the pre-Columbian population died.