Across
- 4. Scientist who formulated laws of motion and gravity
- 5. A shift from hand production to machine-based manufacturing
- 10. A Renaissance figure known for blending art and science
- 13. An intellectual movement emphasizing reason and logic
- 19. A monk who criticized Church practices in 1517
- 20. Religious wars launched to reclaim the Holy Land
- 21. A landowning noble who granted land to others
- 24. A period of cultural rebirth inspired by classical Greece and Rome
- 28. An economic system based on private ownership and competition
- 32. A system that divides government authority
- 33. A list of criticisms nailed to a church door
- 36. Armored warriors who served nobles
- 37. Astronomer who proposed a sun-centered universe
- 40. The idea that the sun is at the center of the universe
- 42. A violent phase marked by mass executions
- 43. A movement that challenged the authority of the Catholic Church
- 44. An economic system advocating shared ownership and equality
Down
- 1. Scientist who supported heliocentrism with evidence
- 2. Inventor of the movable-type printing press
- 3. A general who rose to power after the revolution
- 6. A prison whose storming symbolized revolution
- 7. A period when observation and experimentation reshaped knowledge
- 8. A wealthy supporter of artists and scholars
- 9. Sculptor and painter of the Sistine Chapel ceiling
- 11. Philosopher who argued for life, liberty, and property
- 12. A focus on non-religious life and ideas
- 14. A belief emphasizing human potential and achievements
- 15. Payments believed to reduce punishment for sin
- 16. Philosopher who promoted divided government
- 17. An invention that allowed ideas to spread rapidly
- 18. A medieval system where land was exchanged for loyalty and service
- 22. Rights believed to belong to all people by birth
- 23. The belief that faith, not good works, leads to salvation
- 25. Enlightenment thinker who defended free speech
- 26. A representative assembly of France’s three social classes
- 27. A peasant legally bound to the land they worked
- 29. A step-by-step approach to scientific investigation
- 30. The idea that governments exist to serve the people
- 31. Emphasis on personal identity and achievement
- 34. The movement of people from rural areas to cities
- 35. A code of conduct followed by medieval knights
- 38. A method of production using machines and workers in one place
- 39. A period of political and social upheaval in France
- 41. Land granted in exchange for service