Across
- 3. worldly rather than spiritual; concerned with the here and now
- 6. a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas (Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Data, Analysis, Conclusion)
- 10. literally "rebirth"; a revival of art and classical learning that began in Italy at the end of the Middle Ages
- 11. church officials/representatives of the Catholic church; high clergy was mostly noble; lower clergy was very important to the peasants as they provided health care, charitable aid, administration of births, marriages, and deaths; members of the FIRST Estate.
- 13. a movement for religious reform that led to the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the pope's authority (known as Protestants); begun by Martin Luther in Germany and Henry VIII in England
- 19. the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God's representative on Earth; ruler's authority to rule came from God
- 23. the most celebrated document in English history, drawn up by English nobles; guaranteed certain basic political rights and limited the power of the king (1215 AD)
- 24. (1712-1778) Enlightenment philosophe; believed that the best government was a democracy because it brought forth the "general will" of the people; thought people were basically good but became corrupted by civiliazation.
- 25. Religious group from England who came to the New World ten years after the Pilgrims, also for religious freedom; settled Massachussetts Bay.
- 26. Enlightenment philosophe (English) who developed the idea of balance of power or checks and balances in goverment
- 27. an intellectual movement that focuses on human potential and achievements
- 28. militaristic Muslim Empire (1300-1917) that began in Anatolia or modern day Turkey and expanded outward in the name of Islam; known for its golden age under Suleyman the Lawgiver; declined as a result of bizarre policy of Sultans killing ablest successors...but did hang on until the early 1900's.
- 29. astronomer, scientist, and mathematician; identified the concept of a heliocentric solar system (the sun is the center of the solar system)
- 30. pardons for sin sold by the Catholic Church-raised money for the church and supposedly got the buyer into heaven sooner
- 32. conquerors from Spain; traveled to the New World in search of wealth (God, Gold and Glory) and often ravaged native populations in the process
- 33. English WOMAN :) writer, philosopher, and advocate for women's rights; wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, arguing that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education; suggested that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagined a social order founded on reason
- 35. agreement in 1805 between Napoleon and the church that greatly pleased the peasants; recognized the power and influence of the church in spiritual and social affairs but rejected any church involvement in national and foreign affairs; state is superior to the church politically; used by Napoleon to shore up his power
- 36. English scientist who developed the theory of the Universal Law of Gravitation
- 38. name given to the system of rule in France before 1789; consisted of absolute monarchy, rigid social classes, economic hardship for peasants and great wealth and privileges for the nobility
- 39. the three primary motivations for European exploration to the "New World"--to spread the Christian religion, acquire wealth, and gain individual fame and national respect/status
- 41. Enlightenment philosophe (English); believed that people were basically good and capable of great improvement; favored rule by the consent of the governed
- 42. drafted by Parliament in 1689, made clear the limits of royal power and fully ushered in Constitutional Monarchy in England; called for freedom of speech, the right to petition the king, no taxation without representation, no suspending of Parliament's laws.
- 44. a new way of thinking about the natural world, based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs
- 45. Islamic Indian empire that began around 1526 when Babur united different sultanates began to fall as European powers would invade.
- 46. kings or queens who held all of the power within their states' boundaries; controlled all aspects of society, limited rights of the people, eliminated rivals, provided protection and glory in return for loyalty and taxes
- 48. the clergy (300 delegates, 1 vote)
- 49. the middle leg of the transatlantic trade triangle; the voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies and later to North and South America; known for the brutal treatment of slaves on the ships
- 53. produced books quickly and cheaply using moveable type; led to an increase in the spread of ideas and literacy among the lower classes; helped spur on Scientific Revolution
- 54. largest social class in France numbering about 22 million or about 85 % of the population; lead lives full of hard work and poverty; often died young; loved the king and the Catholic church but hated the privileged nobility; paid taxes to nobles, king, and church (up to 80% of income); spent 75% of non-taxed income on bread/food
- 56. system of government in which a king or queen shares power with representatives of the people (parliament) according to a system of written laws
- 57. a new intellectual movement at the height of the mid-1700s that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems (the Age of Reason)
- 58. "everyone else" = masses of peasants, bourgeoisie, poor urban workers (600 delegates, 1 vote)
- 59. Colonists who were persecuted for their religious beliefs in England and sought religious freedom in the New World; founded the second English colony (Plymouth)
- 60. the buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas; brought about by a shortage of Native American slaves (as they had died of disease and resistance); Africans were preferred because they had some agricultural knowledge, some immunity to disease, did not know the land so it was harder to escape, and they had dark skin so it would be hard for them to hide if they did escape
Down
- 1. the theory that the earth is an immoveable object at the center of the universe with the planets and sun revolving around it in perfect circles
- 2. Henry VIII's daughter...made England Protestant by creating the Anglican church which was a compromise of Catholic and Protestant practices
- 4. the theory that the sun was the center of the universe with the planets revolving around it
- 5. English monarch and devout Catholic who decided to end the Pope's authority in England because he resented the influence of the Pope in secular affairs (the Pope would not give him a divorce)
- 7. a transatlantic trading network in which raw materials, finished goods, and slaves were traded among the Americas, Europe, and Africa
- 8. promise made by members of the Third Estate and some of their noble/clergy allies (who had taken the name National Assembly) NOT to disband until France had a new constitution
- 9. system in Spanish America in which the crown gave settlers the right to demand Native labor on their farms, ranches, or in mines; Spanish settlers promised to act fairly and respect the natives but in reality, they were abusive to the native workers and many natives died from being worked to death
- 12. French Philosophe who argued for tolerance, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech; criticized the clergy and the wealthy nobility so jailed and exiled
- 14. a well educated man who excelled in many fields such as dance, poetry, science, politics, and etc.
- 15. German monk who began the Reformation by posting his 95 Theses attacking corruption in the Catholic Church; argued that all people of faith are equal
- 16. (1564-1642) Astronomer, Italian scientist, and scholar; constructed a telescope and saw imperfections in the universe; supported the Copernican theory (sun-centered solar system); accused of heresy twice by the church and forced to recant
- 17. lands that are controlled by another nation; exist to benefit the "Mother Country"
- 18. the social critics in France during the Enlightenment (Ex: Voltaire)
- 20. uniform set of laws for France that eliminated many of the injustices of the old regime but limited liberty (no free press) and promoted order and stability over individual rights
- 21. Spanish Conquistador who conquered the Incan Empire
- 22. Italian sailor who sailed for Spain and began the "Age of Exploration" by "discovering" the New World in 1492
- 31. Bloodless revolution in which (Catholic)King James II fled England, leaving the throne open for his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William who agreed to rule England as an official Constitutional Monarchy
- 34. Representative body the king could call to offer advice/approve new taxes; made up of three groups of deputies organized into three Estates (see below)
- 35. king of England in the early 1600's when parliament was battling the king for power; signed and then ignored the Petition of Right; executed at the end of the English Civil War for treason against Parliament (the people)--first ever execution of a king by the people
- 37. the wealthiest and most power social class in France; numbered about 300,000 or less than 1% of the population; had special status and privilege due to noble birth; did not pay taxes
- 40. a royal prison but also the biggest source of gunpowder in Paris; this symbol of absolute monarchy fell to attacking crowds looking for guns to support the revolution--its fall was a hugely important symbol of the French people overcoming absolute monarchy
- 43. total blockade (closing of ports) between Britain and all other European nations designed to cripple Britain; unenforceable failure
- 47. The Protestant church created in England when it broke away from the Catholic church
- 50. the nobility (300 delegates, 1 vote)
- 51. newer and growing middle class in France representing about 10% of the population; professionals such as merchants, judges, legal officials, and small factory owners; valued education and supported Enlightenment ideas about political and social equality; led the French Revolution
- 52. Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches; the first Protestants were the German princes who decided to support Luther and his ideas against the German princes who supported the Pope and Charles the V
- 55. Enlightenment philosophe (English) who believed that people were naturally wicked and selfish; favored rule by an absolute monarch