Across
- 2. Primary idea behind Calvinism. The doctrine that all events have been willed by God, usually with reference to the eventual fate of the individual soul.
- 4. The practice of the Roman Catholic and other Christian churches of prohibiting participation in the sacraments to those who do not comply with church teachings or practices.
- 6. The diet issued the Edict of Worms, which forbade anyone to shelter Martin Luther or provide him with aid. The edict stated that Luther should be captured and punished as a heretic.
- 7. List of ninety-five debating points about the abuses of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517.
- 9. The extensive movements of plants, animals, diseases, and peoples between the Old and New Worlds after Columbus made his famous voyage in 1492.
- 11. An economic system that was developed in Europe during the 16th century. It is based on the idea of a country exporting more than they import.
- 12. An organization created to pool the resources and skills of many merchants, thereby distributing the costs and risks of colonization and reducing the danger for individual investors.
- 15. The exchange of goods and people between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
- 16. The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the Pope is head, held an unrivaled position as Europe’s preeminent religious and intellectual authority.
- 17. Author of The Prince (16th century); emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of most influential authors of Italian Renaissance.
- 19. Agreement between Spain and Portugal dividing the rights to colonize all lands outside of Europe.
- 20. A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it.
Down
- 1. An adventurer or conqueror (especially one who led the Spanish conquest of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century).
- 3. Also called the Catholic Reformation, religious reform movement within the Latin Christian church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.
- 5. The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.
- 8. Focus on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavors.
- 10. A belief or action at odds with what is accepted religious belief.
- 13. A council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trenton in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 that redefined Roman Catholic doctrine and abolished various ecclesiastical abuses and strengthened the papacy.
- 14. The voyage across the Atlantic Ocean between the coasts of East Africa and the Americas.
- 18. A monetary payment of penalty which, supposedly, absolved one of past sins and/or released one from purgatory after death.