Across
- 5. A British-designed rifle widely used by Canadian and British soldiers during WWI.
- 7. A Canadian physician and soldier who wrote the famous WWI poem “In Flanders Fields.”
- 10. A Canadian-made rifle used by Canadian soldiers early in WWI. It was later replaced in frontline service because of reliability problems.
- 11. The dangerous open area between opposing trenches that soldiers had to cross during attacks.
- 14. This French-Canadian journalist and politician strongly opposed Canada's involvement in overseas wars and later opposed conscription.
- 15. These are agreements between countries to support and defend one another, especially in times of war.
- 17. A poisonous chemical weapon first used on a large scale by Germany at the Second Battle of Ypres in 1915.
- 18. A famous Indigenous Canadian long-distance runner who served as a dispatch runner with the Canadian Expeditionary Force during WWI.
- 20. The compulsory enlistment of people into military service.
- 22. A situation in which neither side can make significant progress or defeat the other.
- 23. An armoured military vehicle developed to cross trenches and difficult terrain and provide protection and firepower for advancing troops.
- 24. This was a secret Serbian nationalist organization associated with the assassination plot against Franz Ferdinand.
- 25. Air battles in which fighter aircraft engaged and attempted to shoot down enemy aircraft.
- 30. The wartime understanding among Britain, France, and Russia that developed before WWI. These countries fought together against the Central Powers.
- 33. A person or business that makes unusually large profits by taking advantage of wartime shortages or demand.
- 34. On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and his wife were assassinated in ‘this city’, an event that helped trigger the First World War.
- 39. This is the policy of extending a country's power by gaining control over other countries or territories, often for resources, trade, and influence.
- 40. This was Canada's Prime Minister from 1911–1920. He led Canada through most of WWI and supported Canada's military contribution to the Allied war effort.
- 43. This refers to strong pride in and loyalty to one's nation or ethnic group, sometimes leading people to believe their nation is more important than others.
- 46. A weapon of mass destruction during WWI as this rapid-firing weapon could fire many bullets in a short period, making attacks across open ground extremely dangerous.
- 48. A major 1916 battle in France in which British Empire forces suffered enormous casualties; Newfoundland suffered particularly heavy losses at Beaumont-Hamel.
- 49. Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles, which assigned responsibility for the war's losses and damage to Germany and its allies and was used as the basis for Germany's reparations obligations.
- 50. A Canadian fighter pilot and flying ace who became one of Canada's most famous airmen of WWI.
- 52. A Canadian law that gave the federal government broad emergency powers during wartime, including powers to restrict certain rights and freedoms.
- 53. Civilian sailors and merchant ships that transported food, supplies, fuel, and other materials during the war.
- 54. A 1917 law that extended the federal vote to Canadian military personnel, including those serving overseas.
- 55. Warfare in which each side attempts to wear down the enemy through continuous losses of soldiers, equipment, and resources.
- 56. Canada's Prime Minister from 1896–1911 and leader of the Liberal Party during the years before WWI. He supported Canadian unity and was an important voice in debates over Canada's military involvement.
- 57. Because the province was not yet a part of Canada, this Newfoundland military unit was not part of the CEF and fought with the British during WWI, including battles at Gallipoli and the Somme.
Down
- 1. Information, images, posters, speeches, or other messages designed to influence people's attitudes or behaviour, including support for the war.
- 2. The final series of Allied offensives from August to November 1918 that pushed German forces back and helped bring WWI to an end.
- 3. A pilot credited with shooting down a number of enemy aircraft; during WWI, five confirmed victories was commonly used as the benchmark.
- 4. A term used during WWI for psychological and physical symptoms experienced by soldiers after combat and extreme bombardment; today many cases would be understood in relation to trauma and PTSD.
- 6. A style of warfare in which opposing armies fought from long defensive trenches, especially on the Western Front.
- 8. The use of soldiers or aircraft to gather information about enemy positions, movements, and defenses.
- 9. The 1919 peace treaty that formally ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers and imposed significant penalties and restrictions on Germany.
- 12. This is the Bosnian Serb nationalist who assassinated Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914.
- 13. A 1917 battle in Belgium fought in terrible mud and conditions, resulting in heavy casualties for the Canadian Corps.
- 16. German submarines used to attack Allied and merchant shipping during WWI.
- 19. Germany's plan to quickly defeat France by invading through neutral Belgium before turning its forces against Russia.
- 21. Leaving the safety of a trench and advancing across No Man's Land toward enemy positions.
- 26. A Canadian organization established to coordinate the production and supply of artillery shells and other war materials during WWI.
- 27. This Archduke of Austria-Hungary and heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was assassinated in Sarajevo helping to set off the First World War.
- 28. A neutral country invaded by Germany in 1914 as part of the Schlieffen Plan. The invasion helped bring Britain into the war.
- 29. The Canadian military force that served overseas during WWI, aka, the CEF.
- 31. The pre-war alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Italy later left this alignment and joined the Allies during WWI.
- 32. A 1917 law that extended the federal vote to certain women and removed the vote from some people considered opposed to conscription.
- 35. Canadian general who commanded the Canadian Corps and played a major role in planning and leading the attack at Vimy Ridge and later battles.
- 36. Canada's Minister of Militia who was responsible for organizing and equipping Canada's army early in WWI.
- 37. A Belgian town where several major WWI battles occurred, including the Second Battle of Ypres, where Canadians faced poison gas.
- 38. A 1917 Canadian law that introduced compulsory military service for eligible men during WWI.
- 41. An aircraft with two sets of wings, commonly used during WWI for reconnaissance and combat.
- 42. A heavily defended German position in France captured by the four Canadian divisions together during the Battle of Vimy Ridge in April 1917.
- 44. This is the belief that a country should maintain a strong military and be prepared to use military force to protect or advance its interests.
- 45. The nickname given to the Canadian Army Medical Corps women who served as military nurses during WWI because of their blue uniforms and white veils.
- 47. A massive explosion devastated ‘this city’, on December 6, 1917, when the munitions ship Mont-Blanc collided with another vessel. The explosion, the largest man-made blast on earth until the Hiroshima bomb was dropped, killed about 2,000 people and caused widespread destruction.
- 51. A military training camp in Quebec where many Canadian soldiers trained before going overseas.
- 56. During WWI, this group of Canadians took on new roles by working in factories, farms, offices, hospitals, and as nurses while many men served overseas.