Across
- 1. The tiny site inside a cell where protein synthesis occurs.
- 3. The cap at the front of a sperm cell that contains digestive enzymes used to penetrate the egg cell membrane.
- 10. The variable that you change in an experiment, such as the concentration of sugar solution in the potato osmosis practical.
- 11. The ability of a microscope to distinguish between two separate points that are close together; giving greater detail.
- 13. The organelle that contains chromosomes and controls the activities of the cell.
- 17. The process where the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to extreme water loss.
- 18. Finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for absorbing digested food.
- 19. A short section of DNA found on a chromosome that codes for a specific protein.
- 20. The plant cell organelle that contains chlorophyll and absorbs light for photosynthesis.
- 22. A male gamete specialized for reproduction, featuring a tail for swimming and many mitochondria for energy.
- 24. The type of transport that moves substances against a concentration gradient, requiring energy from respiration (Often paired with 'transport' in crosswords).
- 28. Clue: The chemical creation of complex substances from simpler ones, such as protein _________ on a ribosome.
- 30. A coiled, thread-like structure of DNA found in the nucleus, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
- 33. The description of a plant cell that is soft and limp because water has left the cell.
- 36. The red protein inside red blood cells that binds reversibly to oxygen for transport around the body.
- 37. The jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions happen in a cell; it divides during the final stage of the cell cycle.
- 39. An even smaller unit of length equal to one-billionth of a metre ($\text{nm}$), used to measure cell organelles or viruses.
- 40. A chemical dye (like iodine or methylene blue) added to a microscope slide to make sub-cellular structures visible.
- 42. Tiny air sacs in the lungs that provide a massive surface area and short diffusion path for gas exchange.
- 43. A very early stage of development that is a rich source of totipotent stem cells, raising ethical debates.
- 44. To mark a scale on a measuring instrument or adjust a microscope eyepiece graticule so it can be used to take accurate measurements.
- 46. The process by which a cell becomes specialised to carry out a specific function.
- 47. A space within the cytoplasm of plant cells, filled with cell sap to keep the cell rigid.
Down
- 2. The partially permeable barrier surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell that controls which substances enter and leave.
- 4. The type of membrane that allows only certain substances, like water molecules, to pass through it (Partially ________).
- 5. Living plant tissue with sieve plates, specialized for transporting dissolved sugars up and down the plant.
- 6. The long fiber of a nerve cell (neurone) that carries electrical impulses away from the cell body.
- 7. The stage of the cell cycle where the nucleus divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells.
- 8. The process during the first stage of the cell cycle where DNA makes an exact copy of itself before the cell divides.
- 9. A small, circular loop of DNA found in bacterial cells, separate from the main genetic material.
- 12. The movement of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.
- 14. A complex cell (like a plant or animal cell) that contains a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- 15. Plant tissue found in growing tips of roots and shoots that contains actively dividing stem cells.
- 16. A type of hair cell found in plants, specialized for absorbing water and minerals by having a large surface area.
- 17. A simple, single-celled organism (like a bacterium) that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- 21. Pairs of cells that surround stomata and control their opening and closing to regulate water loss.
- 23. How many times larger an image appears compared to the real size of the object.
- 25. The variable that you measure in an experiment, such as the percentage change in mass of the potato chips.
- 26. The sub-cellular structures where aerobic respiration takes place, releasing energy for the cell.
- 27. The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
- 29. The description of a plant cell that is swollen and firm due to water entering by osmosis.
- 31. A unit of length equal to one-millionth of a metre ($\mu\text{m}$), commonly used to measure cell size.
- 32. A type of microscope with much higher magnification and resolving power than a light microscope.
- 34. The chemical substance that coats and strengthens the cell walls of xylem vessels, providing structural support to the plant.
- 35. The complex carbohydrate that makes up plant cell walls, giving them strength and rigidity.
- 37. A genetically identical copy of a cell or an organism.
- 38. Tiny pores on the underside of a leaf, guarded by cells, that allow gases to diffuse in and out.
- 41. An undifferentiated cell capable of giving rise to more cells of the same type, or differentiating into specialised cells.
- 45. Non-living plant tissue made of hollow tubes strengthened by lignin, specialized for transporting water and mineral ions upwards.