Across
- 2. This is the circular surface depression caused by volcanic activity.
- 4. Hot fluid or semifluid material below or within the earth's crust from which lava and other igneous rock are formed on cooling.
- 8. This is an opening in the earth's crust through which lava, volcanic ash, and gases escape.
- 13. Adjustments that take place after a major earthquake generate smaller earthquakes.
- 14. This is a visible suspension of carbon or other particles in the air, typically one emitted from a burning substance.
- 15. This is a scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created as a result of Earth's subterranean movements.
- 16. Hot molten or semifluid rock erupted from a volcano or fissure, or solid rock resulting from cooling of this.
- 17. This is a process that involves the movement of energy from one place to another.
- 19. The rapid increase in volume and release of energy in an extreme manner.
- 20. This is the measurement of the amount of energy released during an earthquake.
Down
- 1. A sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action.
- 3. This is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock.
- 5. This is the place within Earth where earthquake waves originate.
- 6. A circular cone of hardened lava, ash, and tephra around a single vent.
- 7. This is an area on Earth over a mantle plume or an area under the rocky outer layer of Earth called the crust, where magma is hotter than surrounding magma.
- 8. This is a geologist who studies the processes involved in the formation and eruptive activity of volcanoes and their current and historic eruptions.
- 9. The powdery residue left after the burning of a substance.
- 10. When lava and gas are released from a volcano.
- 11. This is an instrument that measures and records details of earthquakes, such as force and duration.
- 12. This is where two plates move away from each other.
- 18. This is an opening at the Earth's surface through which magma erupts or volcanic gases are emitted.