forestry Crossword Puzzles

AGRICULTURAL KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM 2023-05-12

AGRICULTURAL KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM crossword puzzle
Across
  1. 76) What is the term for the transformation of raw ingredients into food products through various physical and chemical processes?
  2. 69) What strategy can farmers use to increase their income and reduce their risks?
  3. 17) What is the term used to describe the efforts and practices to prevent soil degradation and maintain soil health for future generations?
  4. 16) What farming system involves combining different agricultural practices such as crop cultivation, animal husbandry, and aquaculture to create a sustainable and self-sufficient farm?
  5. 13) What farming approach aims to maintain long-term productivity and ecological balance while minimizing negative environmental and societal impacts?
  6. 87) What is the practice of growing crops in containers?
  7. 32) What is the measurement that indicates the acidity or alkalinity of soil?
  8. 10) What is the agricultural practice of growing multiple crops, often of different species, in the same area to promote ecological diversity and productivity called?
  9. 9) What is the modern industrial method of farming that relies on synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and other technological interventions to maximize crop yields and profits called?
  10. 39) What substance controls or eliminates pests, including insects and rodents?
  11. 36) What common method is used to determine soil’s nutrient and pH levels?
  12. 63) What is a term for a repository that stores and preserves seeds for future use?
  13. 75) What is something that is used to protect, contain, and preserve food during transportation and storage?
  14. 5) What is the holistic approach to designing and maintaining self-sufficient, productive ecosystems inspired by natural ecosystems and traditional farming practices?
  15. 18) What is a farming technique that involves rotating the type of crops grown in a particular field over different seasons or years?
  16. 4) What is the soilless method of growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions in a water solvent called?
  17. 38) What is a natural fertilizer made from animal waste and decaying organic matter?
  18. 42) What is a substance used to kill insects called?
  19. 50) What is a common agricultural practice involving water application to crops?
  20. 29) What is an important factor in determining plant growth and productivity?
  21. 43) What is a substance used to kill rodents?
  22. 78) What is a recommended technique for improving soil health and reducing weed growth in a garden or farm?
  23. 22) What is a common practice involving regulating and managing how land is utilized within a specific area?
  24. 64) What growing practice involves cultivating, processing, and distributing food within urban areas?
  25. 3) What is the sustainable farming technique that combines aquaculture (raising aquatic animals) and hydroponics (cultivating plants in water) in a symbiotic environment called?
  26. 90) What is the practice of growing crops on the sides of buildings?
  27. 53) What is a sustainable way to manage organic waste at home or in the garden?
  28. 47) What is the term for a structure designed to trap and retain heat commonly used in plant cultivation?
  29. 88) What is the practice of growing crops without human intervention?
  30. 8) What is the sustainable method of agriculture that emphasizes using natural fertilizers, biological pest control, and other environmentally-friendly practices to produce crops and livestock called?
  31. 25) What is the determining factor for determining the appropriateness of a piece of land for a specific use or activity?
  32. 79) What is the first step in establishing a new farm or garden?
  33. 40) What is a substance used to control or kill unwanted plants?
  34. 1) What is the practice of cultivating land, raising animals, and producing crops for human consumption and other purposes known as?
  35. 7) What farming management strategy uses technology to optimize crop yields, reduce waste, and increase efficiency by analyzing data on soil conditions, weather patterns, and other factors called?
  36. 37) What substance is used to provide plants with essential nutrients for growth?
  37. 26) What is the term used to describe the ability of land to support various types of agricultural or non-agricultural activities?
  38. 12) What type of farming involves large-scale production for profit and often utilizes modern technologies and management techniques?
  39. 45) What is the abbreviation for Integrated Pest Management?
  40. 46) What term describes the industry that involves agricultural production and related business activities?
  41. 34) What is a key component of healthy soil that helps improve its fertility and structure?
  42. 51) What agricultural activity involves gathering crops or plants for food or other uses?
  43. 59) What is a term used to describe the process of controlling and developing the use of land resources?
Down
  1. 80) What is the cultivation of crops for market sale?
  2. 65) What is a term that refers to the complex web of activities and actors involved in producing, distributing, and consuming food?
  3. 6) What is the agricultural practice of growing a single crop species in a given area, often in large quantities and for commercial purposes, called?
  4. 73) What is the topic of concern regarding potential hazards and risks related to food handling, preparation, and consumption?
  5. 30) What is the arrangement of soil particles and their tendency to clump together called?
  6. 14) What is the term for large-scale, intensive farming practices that use modern technology, machinery, and chemical inputs to maximize crop yields and efficiency?
  7. 59) What is a term used to describe the process of controlling and developing the use of land resources?
  8. 33) What is a common cause of reduced crop yields in coastal regions and arid climates?
  9. 84) What is the practice of growing different crops in the same field?
  10. 20) What is the term used to describe the process of deterioration in the quality of land, including soil, water, and vegetation, which can lead to reduced productivity and biodiversity loss?
  11. 54) What agricultural practice involves the deliberate manipulation of plant genetics to produce desired traits?
  12. 41) What is a substance used to kill or prevent the growth of fungi called?
  13. 58) What is the term for farming aquatic plants and animals in a controlled environment?
  14. 28) What is important for maintaining a productive and sustainable agricultural system?
  15. 44) What type of pesticide is derived from natural materials and used to control pests while minimizing environmental and human health harm?
  16. 21) What is the term for the process of creating new land by filling or dredging a body of water?
  17. 89) What is the practice of growing crops in an arid climate?
  18. 81) What is the practice of growing crops for personal consumption?
  19. 23) What is a term that refers to the legal or customary arrangements that determine how land is owned, used, and transferred?
  20. 15) What is the field of science that combines biology and technology to develop new methods of improving agricultural practices?
  21. 72) What term refers to the process of starting and operating a business in the agricultural sector?
  22. 66) What is a common problem in households, restaurants, and supermarkets that contributes to environmental and economic issues?
  23. 68) What is a type of tourism that combines agricultural activities and environmental conservation called?
  24. 31) what is the physical composition of soil called?
  25. 35) What common issue can arise from the excessive use of heavy machinery on soil?
  26. 55) What is a sustainable agricultural approach that emphasizes ecological principles and local knowledge while rejecting the use of synthetic inputs and genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?
  27. 82) What is the practice of growing crops in high-density areas?
  28. 57) What was the name given to the significant increase in agricultural production that occurred in the 1960s and 1970s?
  29. 48) What is the term for the practice of cultivating plants for food, medicine, and decoration?
  30. 70) What is the term used to describe the process of transferring ownership and management of a farm to the next generation of family members?
  31. 67) What type of tourism involves visiting and staying on farms or agricultural areas?
  32. 85) What is the practice of growing crops on a small scale?
  33. 27) What is an important factor for plant growth that is determined by the soil's nutrient content and physical properties?
  34. 11) What is the term used to describe a type of farming where people grow crops and raise animals mainly to meet the basic needs of their own families or communities?
  35. 56) What is the term used to describe the condition where all people have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and preferences for an active and healthy life?
  36. 61) What term refers to the variety of life forms on Earth and the ecological roles they perform?
  37. 71) What is a farming method that focuses on improving soil health, increasing biodiversity, and sequestering carbon while producing nutritious food called?
  38. 24) What is the term used to describe the amount of output per unit of land in agricultural production?
  39. 19) What is the process by which soil is moved or washed away from its original location?
  40. 52) What is an activity that involves putting seeds or young plants into the ground to grow?
  41. 74) What is the term for the information provided on a food product's packaging that describes the nutritional content and ingredients?
  42. 83) What is the practice of growing crops in low-density areas?
  43. 2) What is the sustainable land use system that combines agriculture and forestry practices to create diverse, productive, and resilient landscapes called?
  44. 49) What is the term for domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting for the production of commodities such as meat, milk, and eggs?
  45. 62) What is a term for a domesticated, locally adapted plant or animal variety that has developed over time through traditional farming practices?
  46. 77) What is the name of the transparent, odorless, tasteless liquid essential for all life on Earth?

89 Clues: 43) What is a substance used to kill rodents? • 31) what is the physical composition of soil called? • 42) What is a substance used to kill insects called? • 80) What is the cultivation of crops for market sale? • 87) What is the practice of growing crops in containers? • 85) What is the practice of growing crops on a small scale? • ...

Chapter 7 Managing the Atmosphere Key Terms 2025-04-15

Chapter 7 Managing the Atmosphere Key Terms crossword puzzle
Across
  1. a colorless, odorless gas produced by burning carbon and organic compounds and by respiration formed during complete combustion.
  2. the “good ozone;” the ozone layer; located approximately 20-50 kilometers above the earth's surface; is important because it prevents most of the high-energy ultraviolet solar radiation from reaching the earth's surface.
  3. Under 1972 and 1974 OECD recommendations that the polluter should bear the costs of pollution prevention and control measures. This is decided by public authorities to ensure that the environment is in an acceptable state. e.g. Palestine, Ohio train derailment incident 2023 had to be cleaned up and paid for by the train company, Norfolk Southern freight train carrying hazardous materials.
  4. a stable, nonflammable, moderately toxic gases or liquids which have typically been used as refrigerants and as aerosol propellants.
  5. a mixture of pollutants and particulates, including ground level ozone, that is formed when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react to sunlight, creating a brown haze above cities. It tends to occur more often in summer, because that is when we have the most sunlight.
  6. used in fire extinguishers, but now known to damage the ozone layer. Halons are made from halogens group 17 on the periodic table contain similar properties. All halons contain bromine and other halogens.
  7. COP refers to the 197 nations that agreed to an environmental pact (UNFCCC- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992.
  8. a large, long lasting rotating low pressure system located over the north and south poles. It weakens in the summer and strengthens in the winter.
  9. are fluorinated gases such as HCFCs and HCFs and were replacement chemicals for CFCs.
  10. a colorless pungent toxic gas formed by burning sulfur in the air.
  11. a mixture of smoke and fog; smog intensifies atmospheric pollution.
  12. a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem. The substance can be solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. A pollutant can be of natural origin or man-made. Pollutants are classified as primary or secondary.
  13. atmospheric pollution deposited as acidic material in the absence of moisture as dust, gas, smoke, or other aerosols (small, microscopic particles in the air).
  14. RangeTransboundaryAirPollution (Lrtap) created a framework for controlling and reducing acid deposition and air pollution in Europe. This was the first air pollution on a regional basis. 51 parties and eight protocols were introduced.
  15. (CAA) in 1970 the act and its amendments to this act in 1990 worked towards developing an agreement between the USA and Canada to reduce air pollution and acid deposition. This act placed permanent caps (limits) on SO2 emissions between 1990 and 2017. NOx emissions declined 50% during this period.
  16. created in the 1990’s as a substitute for HCFCs; used for the same purpose as CFCs and HCFCs.
  17. created in the 1980’s as a substitute for CFCs; used as refrigerants and in other products… still bad for the atmosphere.
  18. a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth’s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.
  19. the ability of a surface to reflect light, White surfaces have a high albedo.
  20. (NOx) a generic term for the various nitrogen oxides produced during combustion (present in car exhausts). They are believed to aggravate asthmatic conditions, react with the oxygen in the air to produce ozone, which is also an irritant and eventually form nitric acid when dissolved in water. NOx includes NO and NO2.
  21. nitrogen from the atmosphere reacts with oxygen in high temperatures in vehicle engines to form nitrogen monoxide gases and is released into the atmosphere. Nitrogen monoxide reacts with oxygen and water in the atmosphere to form nitric acid (HNO3)
  22. an air pollutant emitted directly from a source into the air from natural processes and human activities.
  23. (VOCs) compounds that have a high vapor pressure and low water solubility. Many VOCs are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids including paints, paint strippers, cleaning supplies, pesticides, building material and produced in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, and refrigerants.
  24. an area where the average concentration of ozone is below 100 Dobson Units
  25. a colorless, odorless flammable gas that is the main constituent of natural gas.
  26. a colorless, odorless toxic flammable gas formed by incomplete combustion of carbon.
  27. designed to remove sulfur content from a fuel source before it is burnt by coal washing, bio-desulfurisation, and low sulfur fuels (ULSD)
  28. an air pollutant that forms when pollutants react in the atmosphere e.g. smog
  29. (NO) a colorless, toxic gas from combustion processes. Also known as nitric oxide. NO is used in the manufacture of nitric acid (ammonia (NH3) with oxygen releasing NO and water). Nitrogen compound derived from nitric acid is used to create fertilizers, explosives, and other useful substances.
Down
  1. gaseous compound made of carbon, chlorine, & fluorine (and sometimes hydrogen); used as refrigerants, cleaning solvents, and aerosol propellants and in the manufacture of plastic foams, and that are believed to be a major cause of stratospheric ozone depletion
  2. a chemical substance used in the production of energy or pressurized gas that is subsequently used to disperse fluids like in aerosol cans (freon, paint, hairspray).
  3. a measure of the air quality which governments use to assess how polluted the air is or how polluted the air is expected to become. (AQI)
  4. devices that use an electric charge to remove particulates (solid particles and liquid droplets) from the gases emitted in industrial smoke.
  5. also referred to as tropospheric ozone is the “bad ozone;” a harmful air pollutant that is formed when emissions from everyday items combine with other pollutants and “cook” in the heat and sunlight; created by chemical reactions between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the presence of sunlight.
  6. designed to help industrial facilities dramatically reduce the contaminants they release into the environment. There are two types, wet and dry. They can remove from exhaust steams PM, acidic gases and VOCs.
  7. a mix of air pollutants that deposit from the atmosphere as acidic wet deposition with a pH <5.6 or acidic dry deposition.
  8. an area of a stream or aquifer containing degraded water resulting from migration of a pollutant. These plumes occur in oceans as well when drilling accidents happen. Like, Deep Horizon oil plume.
  9. atmospheric pollution deposited as an acid by precipitation (rain, snow, or fog).
  10. solid particles or liquid droplets that are suspended in the air. Generally, these come from any type of burning or dust generating activities. Also known as air particulates, atmospheric aerosol particles, atmospheric particulate matter, particulate matter or suspended particulate matter. All of these are termed particulate matter (PM).
  11. particulate matter of diameter of 10 micrometres or smaller. The particles can be inhaled. The number next to the PM indicates the size of the particulate matter being measured, e.g. PM1 is 1 micrometre in diameter or smaller.
  12. a theoretical approach to managing climate change by reflecting some of the insolation (incoming solar radiation). This would prevent energy from entering the atmosphere and would therefore limit the amount of energy trapped by greenhouse gases. SRM would effectively act as an artificial reflective shield to provide regional or global cooling.
  13. gradual thinning of Earth's ozone layer in the upper atmosphere caused by the release of chemical compounds containing gaseous chlorine or bromine from industry and other human activities. The thinning is most pronounced in the polar regions, especially over Antarctica. The figure below is an illustration of the process.
  14. gasses that contribute to the warming of our atmosphere and Earth’s surface by absorbing infrared radiation. Main gases include: carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, nitrous oxide, and now also F- gases.
  15. In 1992. an international treaty which extended the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on scientific consensus that global warming is occurring and that human-made CO2 emissions are driving it.
  16. PSCs stratospheric clouds that form over the poles in winter at altitudes of between 15,000 metres and 25,000 metres. One of the main types of PSC is mostly made up of supercooled droplets of water and nitric acie.
  17. also known as the “Earth Summit”, in 1992, was a global conference dealing with climate change biodiversity forestry and recommended a list of sustainable development practices called Agenda 21
  18. a chemical process for the removal of sulfur from a material; FGD. This involves either the removal of sulfur using a wet scrubbing process, spray dry scrubbing, wet sulfuric acid process, SNOX (removes sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulates .
  19. fossil fuels contain sulfur compounds. When fossil fuels are burned, SO2 gas reacts with water and oxygen in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
  20. (suggested by Rowland-Molina) - In 1974 chemist Frank Sherwood Rowland of the University of California, Irvine and his postdoctoral student, Mario J. Molina, suggested that long-lived organic halogen compounds, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), could reach the stratosphere where they would be dissociated by UV light, releasing chlorine atoms… so, they were the first to realize that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) could destroy ozone
  21. a reddish brown pungent, poisonous/highly toxic, acidic gas that is corrosive and strongly oxidising. It is formed through oxidation of NO from combustion burned at high temperatures.. but can also be an air pollutant and is a constituent of untreated automobile exhaust. It is responsible for the color of smog.
  22. devices fitted to vehicle engines to reduce air pollution designed to lower NOx emissions from exhaust systems.
  23. In 1987, this was created to reduce CFC use. This was a global agreement where the world realized that pollution in one country could damage the whole planet. It aimed to reduce CFC emissions by 50% by 2000. Failure to do so carried heavy financial penalties. 191 countries signed an agreement to stop using CFCs by 1995. Kigali Amendment 2019 added F-gases to its list of controlled substances.
  24. also referred to as the Paris Accord. In 2015, International treaty on climate change.
  25. O3, a colorless, odorless gas found naturally in the stratosphere and formed from oxygen by UV light

54 Clues: a colorless pungent toxic gas formed by burning sulfur in the air. • a mixture of smoke and fog; smog intensifies atmospheric pollution. • an area where the average concentration of ozone is below 100 Dobson Units • the ability of a surface to reflect light, White surfaces have a high albedo. • ...

PAES 100 series 2023-09-04

PAES 100 series crossword puzzle
Across
  1. (4,7) tillage operation that cuts and moves small layers of soil to provide smooth, refined surface.
  2. Philippine-based, foreign or Filipino-owned, manufacturing entity involved in the production and distribution of agricultural machinery
  3. (6,5) power measured at the flywheel or the crankshaft
  4. tillage system traditionally performed in preparing a seedbed for a given crop and grown in a given geographical area.
  5. (4,8) scratching, cutting, or abrasing of materials caused by the action of soil
  6. filling up the pump with water to displace or evacuate the entrapped air through a vent and create a liquid seal inside the casing
  7. (7,6) indicates the maximum load that can be successfully carried by the motor if it is to operate continuously and remain within a safe temperature range
  8. series of events occurring one after the other in a definite order and repeats the events after the last one has occurred
  9. mechanical manipulation of soil for any desired purpose.
  10. tillage system wherein least soil manipulation is performed.
  11. (6,6) implement used for broadcast or strip tillage and is also used as chemical incorporator and as row crop cultivator
  12. part of the granule applicator that puts the granule in motion through continuous stirring or rotation
  13. part of the plow that presses and slides against the furrow wall, providing lateral stability during operation
  14. (12,7)self-propelled, wheeled, tracklaying or semi tracklaying machine primarily designed to pull, push, carry and/or operate trailers or provide power to implements and machines used for agricultural, forestry and other related works.
  15. tillage subsoiling under the plant row prior to planting usually intended for subsurface drainage.
  16. (4,7) tillage operation which move soil to establish a desired soil elevation and slope
  17. diameter of the cylinder
  18. protective device, which by means of a rail, fence, frame or the like ensures the safety, distance necessary so that the dangerous part cannot be reached inadvertently.
  19. (6,7) tillage in which a narrow curved shank is used.
  20. protective device designed and fitted so that, alone or with other parts of the machine, it prevents contact with the dangerous part from all sides.
  21. twisting or turning force produced by the motor
  22. (a.k.a. Field poles) stationary part of electric motor consisting of copper windings which is placed in a laminated iron core
  23. length of the piston travel
  24. part of granule applicator where granules are loaded
  25. (8,5) machine which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy
  26. tillage, which constitutes the initial major soilworking operation, normally designed to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates
  27. (5,4) sum of payload and unladen mass of the trailer expressed in tons
  28. (4,4) implement with individually mounted concave disc blades which cut, partially or completely invert a layer of soil to bury surface material, and pulverize the soil.
  29. (5,10)implement for seedbed preparation, weed eradication, or fallow cultivation subsequent to some form of primary tillage
  30. (a.k.a. guarantee) expressed assurance of the quality of the materials and workmanship of the products offered for sale or length of satisfactory use to be expected from a product under normal use
  31. set of concave discs, which is mounted on a common shaft and separated by a spool
  32. (6,4) implement which shatters the soil without complete burial or mixing of surface materials
  33. (planter) this is a type of rowcrop planter which is designed to deposit one or more seeds in a hill at equal intervals.
  34. circular, flat tool used to cut plant material and soil
  35. has one voltage applied to the motor in the shape of a sine wave
  36. deep tillage, below 350 mm for the purpose of loosening soil for root growth and/or water movement.
  37. primary tillage operation which manipulates soil to a greater depth than 300 mm.
  38. force to propel an implement in the direction of travel which is equal and opposite to drawbar pull
  39. tillage operation employing powerdriven rotary action to cut, break up, and mix soil.
  40. implement for crushing soil clods and compacting the soil
  41. tillage system in which the primary tillage operation is performed in conjunction with special planting procedures in order to reduce or eliminate secondary tillage operations.
  42. (4,6)implement used to pulverize the soil to attain a better soil tilth for the seed germination and growth.
  43. tillage, following primary tillage, which are designed to control weed growth and to create specific soil surface configurations before seeding.
  44. (4,7) tillage operation which move soil to create desired soil configurations.
  45. (9,4) implement which cuts, partially or completely inverts a layer of soil to bury surface materials, and pulverizes the soil
  46. bar at the rear of a tractor to which implements are hitched
  47. (planter) this is a type of rowcrop planter which enables operator to perform hill planting at definite spacing (in checks or squares). This facilitates mechanical weed control and other operations.
  48. tillage system that maintains a minimum of 30% residue cover on the soil surface after planting or maintains at least 1,100 kg/ha of flat small grain residue equivalent on the soil surface during the critical erosion period.
  49. fine drops of liquid, such as water or chemical pesticide, sprayed into the air
  50. implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to shatter compacted subsurface layers.
  51. structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam
Down
  1. (6,4,6)consists of two gangs wherein one gang is located behind the other at an angle and the harrow is operated in an offset position in relation to the tractor.
  2. (9,5) horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the outermost edges of the implement.
  3. tillage to partially bury and thereby prevent movement of materials such as plant residues or artificial mulches.
  4. (10,4)test carried out on samples selected from a lot for the purpose of acceptance of the lot.
  5. formation of cavities filled with water vapor due to local pressure drop and collapse as soon as the vapor bubbles reach regions of high pressure
  6. portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to a power source.
  7. generic term used for a small particle having a diameter ranging from 2 to 4 mm
  8. (4,11) shallow tillage operation performed to promote growth of crop plants by creating a soil condition conducive to aeration, infiltration, and moisture conservation or to pest control.
  9. authorized representative of distributors and/or manufacturers to supply, trade, sell and service agricultural machinery to endusers
  10. tillage idealized system which permits a maximized net return for a given crop under given conditions.
  11. (3,7) operation that cuts and throws the soil away from the base of plants
  12. any material added to the tractor for the purpose of enhancing traction or stability
  13. pushing or rolling of soil by a steeply inclined blade
  14. retaining pin used in the hitch pins or studs
  15. structure to which the standards are fitted
  16. component which scrapes the soil adhering to the concave side of the disc
  17. tillage operation which is oriented in specific paths or directions with respect to the sun, prevailing winds, previous tillage actions, or field base lines.
  18. (a.k.a. Armature winding) rotating part of electric motor which is typically constructed of a laminated steel core containing currentcarrying copper wires
  19. protective devices designed and fitted so that alone or with other parts of the machine, they prevent the dangerous part being reached from the side or sides covered.
  20. (12,8)consist of agricultural tractors, selfpropelled and pedestrianoperated machines, implements, and combinations thereof primarily used for agricultural operations.
  21. number of individual voltages applied to the motor
  22. (5,5) center to center distance between two front or rear wheels
  23. soilworking tool, consisting of an edge and a surface, which is primarily designed to cut through the soil
  24. (6,9) minimum vertical distance between the soil surface and a potentially obstructing machine element.
  25. tillage action and transport operations utilized to loosen, load, carry, and unload soil.
  26. has three individual voltages applied to the motor
  27. in any consignment, all components or equipment under study.
  28. trench formed after the furrower bottom cuts and turns the furrow slices
  29. opening in the hopper or tank through which the granules pass through
  30. vertical distance measured from the lowest point to the center of the disc when its concave side is placed on a flat surface
  31. trading entity authorized by foreign and local suppliers and/or manufacturers to distribute agricultural machinery to dealers
  32. product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of that force to the axis of rotation and is expressed in kgm
  33. tillage system in which tillage of the total soil surface is performed in such a way that plant residue is specifically left on or near the soil surface.
  34. quantity used to express a form (or combination of forms) of the energy content of the liquid per unit weight of the liquid referred to any arbitrary datum
  35. (abbrev.) cab or frame installed on agricultural tractors to protect or minimize injury of the operator from accidental overturning during operation
  36. device used to lift or transfer water from one source to another
  37. metallic tube that connects the nozzle to the hose of power sprayer
  38. central part of the plow to which the share, moldboard and landside are attached
  39. operation which pulverizes, smoothens, and makes the soil ready for planting NOTE: It is commonly used before seeding.
  40. part of the mist blower that connects the nozzle to the blower
  41. volume of water pumped per unit time
  42. method of crop establishment for rice wherein rice seedlings grown in a nursery are pulled and transferred into puddled and leveled fields, 15 to 40 days after seeding
  43. part of the plow that penetrates the soil and cuts the furrow slice horizontally
  44. (planter) this is a type of tractor powerdriven seeder which can deposit the seeds at a specified rate in hills and rows spaced to permit interrow cultivation and also functions as a seed drill if required.
  45. part of the plow which lifts, inverts and throws the furrow slice to one side
  46. visually perceptible figure used to transmit information independent of language
  47. current, in amperes, that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating
  48. ratio of the difference between the speed of pulley or belt and wheels or track with load, to the speed without load
  49. discharge at maximum efficiency
  50. tip of lance of the power sprayer where the chemical is sprayed out

101 Clues: diameter of the cylinder • length of the piston travel • discharge at maximum efficiency • volume of water pumped per unit time • structure to which the standards are fitted • retaining pin used in the hitch pins or studs • twisting or turning force produced by the motor • number of individual voltages applied to the motor • ...

colleges/University 2025-12-08

colleges/University crossword puzzle
Across
  1. a private liberal arts college in Colorado Springs, founded in 1874, and known for its intensive Block Plan where students take one class at a time for 3.5-week blocks
  2. largest HBCU, excelling in STEM, hosting Nobel Laureates, and offering unique programs like forestry, while also being a top military-friendly school with a historic campus and strong focus on access and opportunity in fields like business, tech, and agriculture.
  3. a private, historic liberal arts college in Meadville, Pennsylvania, founded in 1815, known for encouraging unique major/minor combinations, strong undergraduate research, small classes, and preparing students for diverse careers through a focus on intellectual, moral, and social growth, emphasizing impact and inclusion, with nearly all students living on campus.
  4. a private university with campuses in New York City and Westchester, founded in 1906. Its motto is Opportunitas, reflecting its mission to create opportunity for its diverse student body, and it offers a wide range of programs in fields like business, computer science, and law.
  5. founded in 1783 in Carlisle, PA, is the first college chartered in the U.S., a private liberal arts institution known for its innovative curriculum, strong focus on global engagement, and deep commitment to sustainability, offering hands-on learning, research, and internships within a tight-knit community, preparing students for engaged citizenship.
  6. a highly-regarded, small private liberal arts college in Gambier, Ohio, known for its strong academics (especially English), beautiful rural campus, close-knit community, and producing notable alumni in arts and public service, offering a connected curriculum in a residential setting with NCAA Division III athletics.
  7. a private research university in Atlanta, GA, founded in 1836 and known for its strong liberal arts education, research, and professional programs. Located in the Druid Hills neighborhood, it features a diverse academic environment with both undergraduate and graduate schools, a major health care system, and extensive research funding.
  8. a private, Methodist-affiliated university in Mitchell, South Dakota, known for personalized, values-based education focusing on Learning, Leadership, Faith, and Service, with strong programs in nursing, education, and athletics.
  9. a private liberal arts college in St. Petersburg, Florida, known for its waterfront campus, small class sizes, and focus on community service and undergraduate education. It has a 188-acre campus on Boca Ciega Bay and offers over 300 study abroad destinations, personalized faculty mentors, and a 75.8% acceptance rate.
  10. a public university in Millersville, PA, part of the PA State System of Higher Education, known as Pennsylvania's first Normal School (teacher training) established in 1855, offering diverse undergraduate and graduate programs in areas like Business, Education, Science (Botany, Meteorology), and Nursing, with a focus on experiential learning, NCAA Division II athletics (Marauders), and a commitment to exploration and inclusion.
  11. a public polytechnic university in Newark, NJ, known as a leading technology-focused institution in the NY metro area, offering extensive programs in STEM, Architecture, Business, and Design, emphasizing research, innovation, and practical skills for technology-driven careers with strong outcomes in engineering and computer science.
  12. a private, federally chartered university in Washington, D.C., dedicated to the education of deaf, hard of hearing, and deafblind students. It is the world's premier institution for deaf education, offering over 40 undergraduate majors and numerous graduate programs, and is known for being a bilingual, diverse, and multicultural environment that uses both American Sign Language and English.
  13. New Jersey's largest private university, known for its global focus, multi-campus presence (NJ, UK, Canada), and diverse programs in liberal arts, sciences, business, tech, and health, aiming to prepare students as world citizens through practical, intercultural, and ethical learning.
  14. a private business school in Wellesley, MA, globally renowned as the "worldwide leader in entrepreneurship education," known for its hands-on, experiential learning integrating business with liberal arts to develop entrepreneurial leaders who create value.
  15. a private, Methodist-affiliated liberal arts college known for its beautiful Frank Lloyd Wright-designed campus, strong academics with hands-on learning, and vibrant community with Division II athletics
  16. a private, United Methodist Church-affiliated liberal arts college in Jackson, Mississippi, known for its personalized education with strong programs in business, sciences, and humanities, offering hands-on learning, small classes (9:1 student-to-faculty ratio), and a vibrant urban campus experience. Established in 1890, it emphasizes "Ad Excellentiam" (In Pursuit of Excellence) and competes in NCAA Division III athletics as the Majors.
  17. a public, doctoral research university in Norfolk, Virginia, known for its strong academics, R1 research status, and significant role in the Hampton Roads region, offering over 120 undergraduate and 130 graduate programs with a focus on innovation, social mobility, and preparing students for careers in a diverse environment.
  18. a private, co-ed liberal arts institution in Hickory, NC, founded in 1891, offering diverse undergraduate, graduate, and seminary programs with small classes, personalized attention, and affiliations with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA). Known for its focus on holistic growth, it emphasizes student success through strong academic support, financial aid, and unique traditions, welcoming students from across the nation and world.
Down
  1. a large, private Catholic university in Chicago, known as the nation's largest Catholic university, with a strong focus on teaching and Vincentian values of service and social justice, offering over 300 programs across two campuses (Lincoln Park & Loop)
  2. a private, comprehensive university in Ada, Ohio, known for strong programs in Pharmacy, Engineering, Law, and Business, offering high career readiness and return on investment, often ranked highly as a "Best Value" and "Best College for Veterans" by U.S. News & World Report.
  3. a private, Roman Catholic university in Philadelphia, PA, founded by the Christian Brothers, known for its "whole person" education, emphasis on service, practical learning, and strong programs in Nursing, Education, and Business, offering liberal arts and professional studies with a diverse, supportive community and NCAA Division I sports.
  4. a private, R2 research university in Orange, California, known for personalized education, hands-on learning, and strong programs in film, law, and business
  5. a private, historically black research university in Hampton, Virginia, founded in 1868. It is known for its progressive education, strong focus on STEM programs, and commitment to developing leaders.
  6. a small liberal arts college with a personalized approach, recognized by U.S. News & World Report as highly innovative and offering great undergraduate teaching
  7. a highly selective, private liberal arts college in Kalamazoo, Michigan, known for its unique K-Plan, which integrates academics with study abroad, research, and career prep for a personalized education. Founded in 1833, it offers a close-knit community, strong faculty mentorship, experiential learning, and robust support for its ~1,300 students, focusing on global understanding and leadership with a 10:1 student-faculty ratio.
  8. a private, Roman Catholic university in Philadelphia, PA, founded by the Christian Brothers, known for its "whole person" education, emphasis on service, practical learning, and strong programs in Nursing, Education, and Business, offering liberal arts and professional studies with a diverse, supportive community and NCAA Division I sports.
  9. a private, Catholic liberal arts institution founded in 1856 by the Vincentian Community in Lewiston, New York, known for its mission-driven education focused on service and developing purpose-driven leaders, offering diverse undergraduate and graduate programs across several colleges, featuring NCAA Division I sports, and a strong emphasis on community and practical, career-focused learning.
  10. a private, Christian (Baptist) liberal arts university in Abilene, Texas, known for its faith-based education, "Cowboy Spirit," and small class sizes, offering diverse undergraduate and graduate programs, including strong focuses in education, nursing, business, and science, with a commitment to academic excellence and personal growth within a supportive community.
  11. a public research university in Pocatello, Idaho, founded in 1901, known as the state's lead institution for health professions, offering over 250 programs (associate to doctorate) across main campuses in Pocatello, Meridian, Idaho Falls, and Twin Falls, with its ~14,000 students competing as the Bengals in NCAA Division I.
  12. a private Christian university in Nashville, Tennessee, known for combining liberal arts with professional education, strong programs in music/arts, business, and health, and an innovative, student-focused approach that emphasizes purpose, character, and service within the vibrant setting of Music City.
  13. known for its comprehensive programs, three main campuses (Statesboro, Savannah, Hinesville), and strong emphasis on student success, offering over 140 degrees and a vibrant campus life with research and athletics, attracting students from across Georgia and the nation.
  14. a private Jesuit Catholic university in Fairfield, Connecticut, known for its Jesuit values, strong programs in Nursing and Business, and a beautiful campus near the beach with access to NYC. Founded in 1942, it offers undergraduate and graduate programs across colleges like Arts & Sciences, Business, Engineering, Nursing, and Education, focusing on holistic development, community, and service.
  15. highly-ranked, private liberal arts college in Northfield, Minnesota, known for its rigorous academics, close-knit community, and supportive environment with small classes
  16. a selective, private liberal arts college in Clinton, NY, known for its "Open Curriculum," allowing students freedom to design studies, fostering critical thinking, and offering strong career prep via its "Find Your Future" program, with a picturesque campus, supportive community, and focus on ethical engagement, preparing students for meaningful lives.
  17. a private, Catholic, Lasallian university in the Bronx, NYC, founded in 1853, known for strong engineering, business, and liberal arts programs, focusing on personalized education with a commitment to service and community, offering vibrant campus life near NYC's resources.
  18. a private, liberal arts college located in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York, with a global network of campuses and programs
  19. a large, public R1 research university in Greenville, NC, known for its strong health sciences (only NC university with med/dent/eng on one campus), business, and education programs, serving nearly 29,000 students with over 170 degree options, a vibrant campus life with extensive school spirit, and a mission to boost the region's quality of life through research and engagement.
  20. a highly selective, private liberal arts college in Grinnell, Iowa, known for its rigorous academics, social responsibility, and unique individually advised curriculum where students design their own path with faculty mentorship, emphasizing intellectual freedom, open inquiry, and research opportunities in a supportive, residential environment with a strong commitment to service and global understanding.
  21. a private, non-profit research university founded in 1831 and located in New York City, with global campuses in Abu Dhabi and Shanghai. It is one of the largest universities in the United States and is known for its diverse programs in liberal arts, sciences, medicine, and business, among others
  22. a public, coeducational liberal arts college in Keene, New Hampshire, known for small classes, supportive faculty, and a strong sense of community, offering over 40 programs with a focus on academic excellence, civic engagement, and hands-on learning in an urban-rural setting within the University System of New Hampshire, affiliated with NCAA Division III athletics and nicknamed the "Owls".
  23. a private, historically Black Seventh-day Adventist institution in Huntsville, Alabama, founded in 1896 to provide education for African Americans, emphasizing spiritual, intellectual, and practical development with a "God First" motto, offering associate, bachelor's, and master's degrees, and known for fostering Black excellence, strong community, and mission-focused service.

41 Clues: a private, liberal arts college located in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York, with a global network of campuses and programs • a private, R2 research university in Orange, California, known for personalized education, hands-on learning, and strong programs in film, law, and business • ...

Adaptation Adaptation fund 2021-10-13

Adaptation Adaptation fund crossword puzzle
Across
  1. A fund for projects and programmes that help developing countries cope with the adverse effects of climate change. It is financed by a share of proceeds from emission-reduction programmes such as the Clean Development Mechanism.
  2. A political agreement that was reached to help the EU reach its emission reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol (a reduction of 8% during the period 2008-2012, on average, compared with 1990 levels). The 1998 agreement divided the burden unequally amongst member states, taking into account national conditions, including greenhouse gas emissions at the time, the opportunity for reducing them, and countries' levels of economic development.
  3. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation, a concept that would provide developing countries with a financial incentive to preserve forests.
  4. The ocean absorbs approximately one-fourth of man-made CO2 from the atmosphere, which helps to reduce adverse climate change effects. However, when the CO2 dissolves in seawater, carbonic acid is formed. Carbon emissions in the industrial era have already lowered the pH of seawater by 0.1. Ocean acidification can decrease the ability of marine organisms to build their shells and skeletal structures and kill off coral reefs, with serious effects for people who rely on them as fishing grounds.
  5. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is a scientific body established by the United Nations Environment Programme and the World Meteorological Organization. It reviews and assesses the most recent scientific, technical, and socio-economic work relevant to climate change, but does not carry out its own research. The IPCC was honoured with the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize.
  6. The levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere prior to the start of the Industrial Revolution. These levels are estimated to be about 280 parts per million (by volume). The current level is around 380ppm.
  7. An abbreviation for parts per million, usually used as short for ppmv (parts per million by volume). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) suggested in 2007 that the world should aim to stabilise greenhouse gas levels at 450 ppm CO2 equivalent in order to avert dangerous climate change. Some scientists, and many of the countries most vulnerable to climate change, argue that the safe upper limit is 350ppm. Current levels of CO2 only are about 380ppm.
  8. Carbon dioxide is a gas in the Earth's atmosphere. It occurs naturally and is also a by-product of human activities such as burning fossil fuels. It is the principal greenhouse gas produced by human activity.
  9. Renewable energy is energy created from sources that can be replenished in a short period of time. The five renewable sources used most often are: biomass (such as wood and biogas), the movement of water, geothermal (heat from within the earth), wind, and solar.
  10. A scheme set up to allow the trading of emissions permits between business and/or countries as part of a cap and trade approach to limiting greenhouse gas emissions. The best-developed example is the EU's trading scheme, launched in 2005. See Cap and trade.
  11. Methane is the second most important man-made greenhouse gas. Sources include both the natural world (wetlands, termites, wildfires) and human activity (agriculture, waste dumps, leaks from coal mining).
  12. The permanent removal of standing forests that can lead to significant levels of carbon dioxide emissions
  13. A protocol attached to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, which sets legally binding commitments on greenhouse gas emissions. Industrialised countries agreed to reduce their combined emissions to 5.2% below 1990 levels during the five-year period 2008-2012. It was agreed by governments at a 1997 UN conference in Kyoto, Japan, but did not legally come into force until 2005. A different set of countries agreed a second commitment period in 2013 that will run until 2020.
  14. A scenario used for projections of future emissions assuming no action, or no new action, is taken to mitigate the problem. Some countries are pledging not to reduce their emissions but to make reductions compared to a business as usual scenario. Their emissions, therefore, would increase but less than they would have done.
  15. A term referring to severe climate change that will have a negative effect on societies, economies, and the environment as a whole. The phrase was introduced by the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, which aims to prevent "dangerous" human interference with the climate system.
  16. In a feedback loop, rising temperatures on the Earth change the environment in ways that affect the rate of warming. Feedback loops can be positive (adding to the rate of warming), or negative (reducing it). The melting of Arctic ice provides an example of a positive feedback process. As the ice on the surface of the Arctic Ocean melts away, there is a smaller area of white ice to reflect the Sun's heat back into space and more open, dark water to absorb it. The less ice there is, the more the water heats up, and the faster the remaining ice melts.
  17. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is one of a series of international agreements on global environmental issues adopted at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. The UNFCCC aims to prevent "dangerous" human interference with the climate system. It entered into force on 21 March 1994 and has been ratified by 192 countries.
  18. The total amount of greenhouse gas emitted by a country per unit of population.
  19. The soot that results from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass (wood, animal dung, etc.). It is the most potent climate-warming aerosol. Unlike greenhouse gases, which trap infrared radiation that is already in the Earth's atmosphere, these particles absorb all wavelengths of sunlight and then re-emit this energy as infrared radiation.
  20. Action that will reduce man-made climate change. This includes action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions or absorb greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Down
  1. This refers to a pledge by the European Union to reach three targets by 2020: (a) a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels; (b) an increase in the use of renewable energy to 20% of all energy consumed; and (c) a 20% increase in energy efficiency. The EU says it will reduce emissions by 30%, by 2020, if other developed countries also pledge tough action.
  2. A tipping point is a threshold for change, which, when reached, results in a process that is difficult to reverse. Scientists say it is urgent that policy makers halve global carbon dioxide emissions over the next 50 years or risk triggering changes that could be irreversible.
  3. Instruments that help countries and companies meet emission reduction targets by paying others to reduce emissions for them. The mechanism in widest use is emissions trading, where companies or countries buy and sell permits to pollute. The Kyoto Protocol establishes two flexible mechanisms enabling rich countries to fund emission reduction projects in developing countries - Joint Implementation (JI) and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
  4. The steady rise in global average temperature in recent decades, which experts believe is largely caused by man-made greenhouse gas emissions. The long-term trend continues upwards, they suggest, even though the warmest year on record, according to the UK's Met Office, is 1998.
  5. The natural level of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere, which keeps the planet about 30C warmer than it would otherwise be - essential for life as we know it. Water vapour is the most important component of the natural greenhouse effect.
  6. An agreement between two parties whereby one party struggling to meet its emission reductions under the Kyoto Protocol earns emission reduction units from another party's emission removal project. The JI is a flexible and cost-efficient way of fulfilling Kyoto agreements while also encouraging foreign investment and technology transfer.
  7. The process whereby technological advances are shared between different countries. Developed countries could, for example, share up-to-date renewable energy technologies with developing countries, in an effort to lower global greenhouse gas emissions
  8. The balance between the Earth's incoming and outgoing energy. The current global climate system must adjust to rising greenhouse gas levels and, in the very long term, the Earth must get rid of energy at the same rate at which it receives energy from the sun.
  9. A fuel derived from renewable, biological sources, including crops such as maize and sugar cane, and some forms of waste.
  10. The collection and transport of concentrated carbon dioxide gas from large emission sources, such as power plants. The gases are then injected into deep underground reservoirs. Carbon capture is sometimes referred to as geological sequestration.
  11. A forum established in 2009 by US President Barack Obama to discuss elements of the agreement that will be negotiated at Copenhagen. Its members - Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, the UK and the US - account for 80% of greenhouse gas emissions. The forum is a modification of the Major Economies Meeting started by the former President George Bush, which was seen by some countries as an attempt to undermine UN negotiations.
  12. The group of developing countries that have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol. They do not have binding emission reduction targets.
  13. The state of the atmosphere with regard to temperature, cloudiness, rainfall, wind and other meteorological conditions. It is not the same as climate, which is the average weather over a much longer period.
  14. The name given to a graph published in 1998 plotting the average temperature in the Northern hemisphere over the last 1,000 years. The line remains roughly flat until the last 100 years, when it bends sharply upwards. The graph has been cited as evidence to support the idea that global warming is a man-made phenomenon, but some scientists have challenged the data and methodology used to estimate historical temperatures. (It is also known as MBH98 after its creators, Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes.)
  15. Natural resources, such as coal, oil and natural gas, containing hydrocarbons. These fuels are formed in the Earth over millions of years and produce carbon dioxide when burnt.
  16. A report on the economics of climate change led by Lord Nicholas Stern, a former World Bank economist. It was published on 30 October 2006 and argued that the cost of dealing with the consequences of climate change in the future would be higher than taking action to mitigate the problem now.
  17. Action that helps cope with the effects of climate change - for example construction of barriers to protect against rising sea levels, or conversion to crops capable of surviving high temperatures and drought.
  18. Least Developed Countries represent the poorest and weakest countries in the world. The current list of LDCs includes 49 countries - 33 in Africa, 15 in Asia and the Pacific, and one in Latin America.
  19. An emission trading scheme whereby businesses or countries can buy or sell allowances to emit greenhouse gases via an exchange. The volume of allowances issued adds up to the limit, or cap, imposed by the authorities.
  20. An observed widespread reduction in sunlight at the surface of the Earth, which varies significantly between regions. The most likely cause of global dimming is an interaction between sunlight and microscopic aerosol particles from human activities. In some regions, such as Europe, global dimming no longer occurs, thanks to clean air regulations.
  21. This refers to Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry. Activities in LULUCF provide a method of offsetting emissions, either by increasing the removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere (i.e. by planting trees or managing forests), or by reducing emissions (i.e. by curbing deforestation and the associated burning of wood).

41 Clues: The total amount of greenhouse gas emitted by a country per unit of population. • The permanent removal of standing forests that can lead to significant levels of carbon dioxide emissions • A fuel derived from renewable, biological sources, including crops such as maize and sugar cane, and some forms of waste. • ...

Adaptation Adaptation fund 2021-10-12

Adaptation Adaptation fund crossword puzzle
Across
  1. A fund for projects and programmes that help developing countries cope with the adverse effects of climate change. It is financed by a share of proceeds from emission-reduction programmes such as the Clean Development Mechanism.
  2. A political agreement that was reached to help the EU reach its emission reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol (a reduction of 8% during the period 2008-2012, on average, compared with 1990 levels). The 1998 agreement divided the burden unequally amongst member states, taking into account national conditions, including greenhouse gas emissions at the time, the opportunity for reducing them, and countries' levels of economic development.
  3. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation, a concept that would provide developing countries with a financial incentive to preserve forests.
  4. The ocean absorbs approximately one-fourth of man-made CO2 from the atmosphere, which helps to reduce adverse climate change effects. However, when the CO2 dissolves in seawater, carbonic acid is formed. Carbon emissions in the industrial era have already lowered the pH of seawater by 0.1. Ocean acidification can decrease the ability of marine organisms to build their shells and skeletal structures and kill off coral reefs, with serious effects for people who rely on them as fishing grounds.
  5. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is a scientific body established by the United Nations Environment Programme and the World Meteorological Organization. It reviews and assesses the most recent scientific, technical, and socio-economic work relevant to climate change, but does not carry out its own research. The IPCC was honoured with the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize.
  6. The levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere prior to the start of the Industrial Revolution. These levels are estimated to be about 280 parts per million (by volume). The current level is around 380ppm.
  7. An abbreviation for parts per million, usually used as short for ppmv (parts per million by volume). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) suggested in 2007 that the world should aim to stabilise greenhouse gas levels at 450 ppm CO2 equivalent in order to avert dangerous climate change. Some scientists, and many of the countries most vulnerable to climate change, argue that the safe upper limit is 350ppm. Current levels of CO2 only are about 380ppm.
  8. Carbon dioxide is a gas in the Earth's atmosphere. It occurs naturally and is also a by-product of human activities such as burning fossil fuels. It is the principal greenhouse gas produced by human activity.
  9. Renewable energy is energy created from sources that can be replenished in a short period of time. The five renewable sources used most often are: biomass (such as wood and biogas), the movement of water, geothermal (heat from within the earth), wind, and solar.
  10. A scheme set up to allow the trading of emissions permits between business and/or countries as part of a cap and trade approach to limiting greenhouse gas emissions. The best-developed example is the EU's trading scheme, launched in 2005. See Cap and trade.
  11. Methane is the second most important man-made greenhouse gas. Sources include both the natural world (wetlands, termites, wildfires) and human activity (agriculture, waste dumps, leaks from coal mining).
  12. The permanent removal of standing forests that can lead to significant levels of carbon dioxide emissions
  13. A protocol attached to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, which sets legally binding commitments on greenhouse gas emissions. Industrialised countries agreed to reduce their combined emissions to 5.2% below 1990 levels during the five-year period 2008-2012. It was agreed by governments at a 1997 UN conference in Kyoto, Japan, but did not legally come into force until 2005. A different set of countries agreed a second commitment period in 2013 that will run until 2020.
  14. A scenario used for projections of future emissions assuming no action, or no new action, is taken to mitigate the problem. Some countries are pledging not to reduce their emissions but to make reductions compared to a business as usual scenario. Their emissions, therefore, would increase but less than they would have done.
  15. A term referring to severe climate change that will have a negative effect on societies, economies, and the environment as a whole. The phrase was introduced by the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, which aims to prevent "dangerous" human interference with the climate system.
  16. In a feedback loop, rising temperatures on the Earth change the environment in ways that affect the rate of warming. Feedback loops can be positive (adding to the rate of warming), or negative (reducing it). The melting of Arctic ice provides an example of a positive feedback process. As the ice on the surface of the Arctic Ocean melts away, there is a smaller area of white ice to reflect the Sun's heat back into space and more open, dark water to absorb it. The less ice there is, the more the water heats up, and the faster the remaining ice melts.
  17. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is one of a series of international agreements on global environmental issues adopted at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. The UNFCCC aims to prevent "dangerous" human interference with the climate system. It entered into force on 21 March 1994 and has been ratified by 192 countries.
  18. The total amount of greenhouse gas emitted by a country per unit of population.
  19. The soot that results from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass (wood, animal dung, etc.). It is the most potent climate-warming aerosol. Unlike greenhouse gases, which trap infrared radiation that is already in the Earth's atmosphere, these particles absorb all wavelengths of sunlight and then re-emit this energy as infrared radiation.
  20. Action that will reduce man-made climate change. This includes action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions or absorb greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Down
  1. This refers to a pledge by the European Union to reach three targets by 2020: (a) a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels; (b) an increase in the use of renewable energy to 20% of all energy consumed; and (c) a 20% increase in energy efficiency. The EU says it will reduce emissions by 30%, by 2020, if other developed countries also pledge tough action.
  2. A tipping point is a threshold for change, which, when reached, results in a process that is difficult to reverse. Scientists say it is urgent that policy makers halve global carbon dioxide emissions over the next 50 years or risk triggering changes that could be irreversible.
  3. Instruments that help countries and companies meet emission reduction targets by paying others to reduce emissions for them. The mechanism in widest use is emissions trading, where companies or countries buy and sell permits to pollute. The Kyoto Protocol establishes two flexible mechanisms enabling rich countries to fund emission reduction projects in developing countries - Joint Implementation (JI) and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
  4. The steady rise in global average temperature in recent decades, which experts believe is largely caused by man-made greenhouse gas emissions. The long-term trend continues upwards, they suggest, even though the warmest year on record, according to the UK's Met Office, is 1998.
  5. The natural level of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere, which keeps the planet about 30C warmer than it would otherwise be - essential for life as we know it. Water vapour is the most important component of the natural greenhouse effect.
  6. An agreement between two parties whereby one party struggling to meet its emission reductions under the Kyoto Protocol earns emission reduction units from another party's emission removal project. The JI is a flexible and cost-efficient way of fulfilling Kyoto agreements while also encouraging foreign investment and technology transfer.
  7. The process whereby technological advances are shared between different countries. Developed countries could, for example, share up-to-date renewable energy technologies with developing countries, in an effort to lower global greenhouse gas emissions
  8. The balance between the Earth's incoming and outgoing energy. The current global climate system must adjust to rising greenhouse gas levels and, in the very long term, the Earth must get rid of energy at the same rate at which it receives energy from the sun.
  9. A fuel derived from renewable, biological sources, including crops such as maize and sugar cane, and some forms of waste.
  10. The collection and transport of concentrated carbon dioxide gas from large emission sources, such as power plants. The gases are then injected into deep underground reservoirs. Carbon capture is sometimes referred to as geological sequestration.
  11. A forum established in 2009 by US President Barack Obama to discuss elements of the agreement that will be negotiated at Copenhagen. Its members - Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, the UK and the US - account for 80% of greenhouse gas emissions. The forum is a modification of the Major Economies Meeting started by the former President George Bush, which was seen by some countries as an attempt to undermine UN negotiations.
  12. The group of developing countries that have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol. They do not have binding emission reduction targets.
  13. The state of the atmosphere with regard to temperature, cloudiness, rainfall, wind and other meteorological conditions. It is not the same as climate, which is the average weather over a much longer period.
  14. The name given to a graph published in 1998 plotting the average temperature in the Northern hemisphere over the last 1,000 years. The line remains roughly flat until the last 100 years, when it bends sharply upwards. The graph has been cited as evidence to support the idea that global warming is a man-made phenomenon, but some scientists have challenged the data and methodology used to estimate historical temperatures. (It is also known as MBH98 after its creators, Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes.)
  15. Natural resources, such as coal, oil and natural gas, containing hydrocarbons. These fuels are formed in the Earth over millions of years and produce carbon dioxide when burnt.
  16. A report on the economics of climate change led by Lord Nicholas Stern, a former World Bank economist. It was published on 30 October 2006 and argued that the cost of dealing with the consequences of climate change in the future would be higher than taking action to mitigate the problem now.
  17. Action that helps cope with the effects of climate change - for example construction of barriers to protect against rising sea levels, or conversion to crops capable of surviving high temperatures and drought.
  18. Least Developed Countries represent the poorest and weakest countries in the world. The current list of LDCs includes 49 countries - 33 in Africa, 15 in Asia and the Pacific, and one in Latin America.
  19. An emission trading scheme whereby businesses or countries can buy or sell allowances to emit greenhouse gases via an exchange. The volume of allowances issued adds up to the limit, or cap, imposed by the authorities.
  20. An observed widespread reduction in sunlight at the surface of the Earth, which varies significantly between regions. The most likely cause of global dimming is an interaction between sunlight and microscopic aerosol particles from human activities. In some regions, such as Europe, global dimming no longer occurs, thanks to clean air regulations.
  21. This refers to Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry. Activities in LULUCF provide a method of offsetting emissions, either by increasing the removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere (i.e. by planting trees or managing forests), or by reducing emissions (i.e. by curbing deforestation and the associated burning of wood).

41 Clues: The total amount of greenhouse gas emitted by a country per unit of population. • The permanent removal of standing forests that can lead to significant levels of carbon dioxide emissions • A fuel derived from renewable, biological sources, including crops such as maize and sugar cane, and some forms of waste. • ...

Climate Change Glossary 2021-10-12

Climate Change Glossary crossword puzzle
Across
  1. A forum established in 2009 by US President Barack Obama to discuss elements of the agreement that will be negotiated at Copenhagen. Its members - Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, the UK and the US - account for 80% of greenhouse gas emissions. The forum is a modification of the Major Economies Meeting started by the former President George Bush, which was seen by some countries as an attempt to undermine UN negotiations.
  2. The name given to a graph published in 1998 plotting the average temperature in the Northern hemisphere over the last 1,000 years. The line remains roughly flat until the last 100 years, when it bends sharply upwards. The graph has been cited as evidence to support the idea that global warming is a man-made phenomenon, but some scientists have challenged the data and methodology used to estimate historical temperatures. (It is also known as MBH98 after its creators, Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes.)
  3. Carbon dioxide is a gas in the Earth's atmosphere. It occurs naturally and is also a by-product of human activities such as burning fossil fuels. It is the principal greenhouse gas produced by human activity.
  4. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation, a concept that would provide developing countries with a financial incentive to preserve forests.
  5. A tipping point is a threshold for change, which, when reached, results in a process that is difficult to reverse. Scientists say it is urgent that policy makers halve global carbon dioxide emissions over the next 50 years or risk triggering changes that could be irreversible.
  6. In a feedback loop, rising temperatures on the Earth change the environment in ways that affect the rate of warming. Feedback loops can be positive (adding to the rate of warming), or negative (reducing it). The melting of Arctic ice provides an example of a positive feedback process. As the ice on the surface of the Arctic Ocean melts away, there is a smaller area of white ice to reflect the Sun's heat back into space and more open, dark water to absorb it. The less ice there is, the more the water heats up, and the faster the remaining ice melts.
  7. Methane is the second most important man-made greenhouse gas. Sources include both the natural world (wetlands, termites, wildfires) and human activity (agriculture, waste dumps, leaks from coal mining).
  8. The main negotiating bloc for developing countries, allied with China (G77+China). The G77 comprises 130 countries, including India and Brazil, most African countries, the grouping of small island states (Aosis), the Gulf states and many others, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe.
  9. Renewable energy is energy created from sources that can be replenished in a short period of time. The five renewable sources used most often are: biomass (such as wood and biogas), the movement of water, geothermal (heat from within the earth), wind, and solar.
  10. The industrialised countries (and countries in transition to a market economy) which took on obligations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions under the Kyoto Protocol. Their combined emissions, averaged out during the 2008-2012 period, should be 5.2% below 1990 levels.
  11. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is one of a series of international agreements on global environmental issues adopted at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. The UNFCCC aims to prevent "dangerous" human interference with the climate system. It entered into force on 21 March 1994 and has been ratified by 192 countries.
  12. An emission trading scheme whereby businesses or countries can buy or sell allowances to emit greenhouse gases via an exchange. The volume of allowances issued adds up to the limit, or cap, imposed by the authorities.
  13. This refers to Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry. Activities in LULUCF provide a method of offsetting emissions, either by increasing the removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere (i.e. by planting trees or managing forests), or by reducing emissions (i.e. by curbing deforestation and the associated burning of wood).
  14. Least Developed Countries represent the poorest and weakest countries in the world. The current list of LDCs includes 49 countries - 33 in Africa, 15 in Asia and the Pacific, and one in Latin America.
  15. The natural level of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere, which keeps the planet about 30C warmer than it would otherwise be - essential for life as we know it. Water vapour is the most important component of the natural greenhouse effect.
  16. The year against which countries measure their target decrease of emissions. The Kyoto Protocol uses a baseline year of 1990. Some countries prefer to use later baselines. Climate change legislation in the United States, for example, uses a 2005 baseline.
  17. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is a scientific body established by the United Nations Environment Programme and the World Meteorological Organization. It reviews and assesses the most recent scientific, technical, and socio-economic work relevant to climate change, but does not carry out its own research. The IPCC was honoured with the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize.
  18. A fund for projects and programmes that help developing countries cope with the adverse effects of climate change. It is financed by a share of proceeds from emission-reduction programmes such as the Clean Development Mechanism.
  19. The mean surface temperature of the Earth measured from three main sources: satellites, monthly readings from a network of over 3,000 surface temperature observation stations and sea surface temperature measurements taken mainly from the fleet of merchant ships, naval ships and data buoys.
  20. The levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere prior to the start of the Industrial Revolution. These levels are estimated to be about 280 parts per million (by volume). The current level is around 380ppm.
  21. This refers to a pledge by the European Union to reach three targets by 2020: (a) a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels; (b) an increase in the use of renewable energy to 20% of all energy consumed; and (c) a 20% increase in energy efficiency. The EU says it will reduce emissions by 30%, by 2020, if other developed countries also pledge tough action.
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  1. The process whereby technological advances are shared between different countries. Developed countries could, for example, share up-to-date renewable energy technologies with developing countries, in an effort to lower global greenhouse gas emissions.
  2. A political agreement that was reached to help the EU reach its emission reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol (a reduction of 8% during the period 2008-2012, on average, compared with 1990 levels). The 1998 agreement divided the burden unequally amongst member states, taking into account national conditions, including greenhouse gas emissions at the time, the opportunity for reducing them, and countries' levels of economic development.
  3. The ocean absorbs approximately one-fourth of man-made CO2 from the atmosphere, which helps to reduce adverse climate change effects. However, when the CO2 dissolves in seawater, carbonic acid is formed. Carbon emissions in the industrial era have already lowered the pH of seawater by 0.1. Ocean acidification can decrease the ability of marine organisms to build their shells and skeletal structures and kill off coral reefs, with serious effects for people who rely on them as fishing grounds.
  4. A protocol attached to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, which sets legally binding commitments on greenhouse gas emissions. Industrialised countries agreed to reduce their combined emissions to 5.2% below 1990 levels during the five-year period 2008-2012. It was agreed by governments at a 1997 UN conference in Kyoto, Japan, but did not legally come into force until 2005. A different set of countries agreed a second commitment period in 2013 that will run until 2020.
  5. A scheme set up to allow the trading of emissions permits between business and/or countries as part of a cap and trade approach to limiting greenhouse gas emissions. The best-developed example is the EU's trading scheme, launched in 2005. See Cap and trade.
  6. A report on the economics of climate change led by Lord Nicholas Stern, a former World Bank economist. It was published on 30 October 2006 and argued that the cost of dealing with the consequences of climate change in the future would be higher than taking action to mitigate the problem now.
  7. The state of the atmosphere with regard to temperature, cloudiness, rainfall, wind and other meteorological conditions. It is not the same as climate which is the average weather over a much longer period.
  8. An abbreviation for parts per million, usually used as short for ppmv (parts per million by volume). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) suggested in 2007 that the world should aim to stabilise greenhouse gas levels at 450 ppm CO2 equivalent in order to avert dangerous climate change. Some scientists, and many of the countries most vulnerable to climate change, argue that the safe upper limit is 350ppm. Current levels of CO2 only are about 380ppm.
  9. A term referring to severe climate change that will have a negative effect on societies, economies, and the environment as a whole. The phrase was introduced by the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, which aims to prevent "dangerous" human interference with the climate system.
  10. An agreement between two parties whereby one party struggling to meet its emission reductions under the Kyoto Protocol earns emission reduction units from another party's emission removal project. The JI is a flexible and cost-efficient way of fulfilling Kyoto agreements while also encouraging foreign investment and technology transfer.
  11. The soot that results from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass (wood, animal dung, etc.). It is the most potent climate-warming aerosol. Unlike greenhouse gases, which trap infrared radiation that is already in the Earth's atmosphere, these particles absorb all wavelengths of sunlight and then re-emit this energy as infrared radiation.
  12. Natural resources, such as coal, oil and natural gas, containing hydrocarbons. These fuels are formed in the Earth over millions of years and produce carbon dioxide when burnt.
  13. The injection of carbon dioxide into underground geological formations. When CO2 is injected into declining oil fields it can help to recover more of the oil.
  14. Instruments that help countries and companies meet emission reduction targets by paying others to reduce emissions for them. The mechanism in widest use is emissions trading, where companies or countries buy and sell permits to pollute. The Kyoto Protocol establishes two flexible mechanisms enabling rich countries to fund emission reduction projects in developing countries - Joint Implementation (JI) and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
  15. The total amount of greenhouse gas emitted by a country per unit of population.
  16. The group of developing countries that have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol. They do not have binding emission reduction targets.
  17. Action that will reduce man-made climate change. This includes action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions or absorb greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
  18. The collection and transport of concentrated carbon dioxide gas from large emission sources, such as power plants. The gases are then injected into deep underground reservoirs. Carbon capture is sometimes referred to as geological sequestration.
  19. The permanent removal of standing forests that can lead to significant levels of carbon dioxide emissions.
  20. Countries which have a special obligation under the Kyoto Protocol to provide financial resources and transfer technology to developing countries. This group is a sub-section of the Annex I countries, excluding those that, in 1992, were in transition from centrally planned to a free market economy.
  21. A fuel derived from renewable, biological sources, including crops such as maize and sugar cane, and some forms of waste.

42 Clues: The total amount of greenhouse gas emitted by a country per unit of population. • The permanent removal of standing forests that can lead to significant levels of carbon dioxide emissions. • A fuel derived from renewable, biological sources, including crops such as maize and sugar cane, and some forms of waste. • ...