Middle Ages Crossword Challenge

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Across
  1. 3. Commoners who worked the land and provided the bulk of the labor force in medieval society.
  2. 4. A person granted land in exchange for allegiance and service to a lord.
  3. 9. Land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service.
  4. 13. Large estates owned by nobles where peasants lived and worked the land.
  5. 14. Scandinavian seafarers known for their raids and explorations during the medieval period.
  6. 15. Followers of the Islamic faith, who had significant interactions with Europe during the medieval period.
  7. 18. Some of the wealthiest and most powerful institutions during this era
  8. 19. The dominant religion in medieval Europe, shaping both society and culture.
  9. 20. A decisive battle fought in 732 AD where Frankish forces led by Charles Martel defeated the Muslim Moors, halting their advance into Europe (Battle of "_____").
  10. 21. Churchmen with authority to perform religious services
Down
  1. 1. The first king of the Franks to unite all the Frankish tribes under one ruler.
  2. 2. The symbols on shields and flags that identified individuals, families, kingdoms and even the church.
  3. 5. Ability to fulfill one's own needs without external assistance, a key characteristic of medieval manors.
  4. 6. The head of the Roman Catholic Church, holding significant religious and political power during the medieval era.
  5. 7. Unpaid person training in a craft or trade
  6. 8. A skilled craftsman who forged metal items, essential for producing weapons and tools in medieval times.
  7. 9. A social system in medieval Europe where land was exchanged for military protection and other services.
  8. 10. Many people call the Middle Ages this because of the loss of reading and writing
  9. 11. A noble warrior trained in combat, often serving a lord.
  10. 12. Code of honorable conduct for knights
  11. 13. Devout individuals who lived in monasteries, dedicating their lives to prayer, work, and preserving knowledge.
  12. 16. A peasant who was bound to the land they worked on and subject to the will of the lord.
  13. 17. Known as the "Father of Europe," this Frankish king united much of Western Europe during the early Middle Ages.
  14. 19. Monks _______________ down texts from the classical age, which helped preserve this history