Across
- 3. The exothermic reaction of a substance with oxygen to produce heat, carbon dioxide, and water.
- 5. The relationship between Gibbs free energy and equilibrium is a fundamental concept in __________.
- 6. A gas spontaneously __________ to fill a volume, demonstrating increased entropy.
- 7. A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system. It's denoted by S, indicating the number of ways a system can be arranged.
- 9. An __________ process cannot return to its initial state without a net energy input.
- 10. Describes reactions that release heat to the surroundings.
- 11. __________'s Law states that the total enthalpy change of a reaction is the sum of the enthalpy changes for each step of the reaction.
- 14. Indicates a favorable Gibbs free energy change.
- 16. In thermodynamic calculations, these are the starting substances in a chemical reaction, whose enthalpies are subtracted from those of the products.
- 19. __________ free energy determines reaction spontaneity and is denoted as G.
- 20. A method used to measure the heat absorbed or released in a chemical reaction, physical change, or heat capacity.
- 22. In thermodynamics, a __________ is the part of the universe being studied, separated by boundaries from the surroundings.
- 23. In Hess's Law, the enthalpy change is calculated as the sum of enthalpies of the __________ minus the sum of enthalpies of the reactants.
- 26. A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a system.
- 27. A property indicating whether a process will occur without external energy input, often determined by a negative Gibbs Free Energy.
- 28. The entropy change when a solid melts to a liquid is known as the entropy of __________.
Down
- 1. The system's __________ exchange heat and matter with the system during thermodynamic processes.
- 2. The change in enthalpy when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements in their standard states.
- 4. The force exerted by a substance per unit area on another substance or on the walls of its container.
- 7. An __________ reaction absorbs heat, leading to a positive ΔH.
- 8. The law of thermodynamics that states entropy of an isolated system increases in a spontaneous process is the __________ Law of Thermodynamics.
- 9. For a spontaneous change, the entropy of an __________ system increases.
- 12. A thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total heat content of a system. It's represented by H and is used to measure the heat change in chemical reactions at constant pressure.
- 13. Internal energy from combustion can be released as heat or used to do __________, such as in internal combustion engines.
- 15. In an __________ process, there is no heat exchange with the surroundings.
- 17. Often used to describe the degree of randomness or dispersion of energy in a system.
- 18. The energy transferred between systems or surroundings due to a temperature difference.
- 21. The entropy change for a process is calculated using the __________ path of heat transfer.
- 24. A high-temperature exothermic reaction between a fuel and an oxidant, typically oxygen, resulting in the formation of oxidized products and the release of heat.
- 25. ____________ occurs from a hot object to a cold object spontaneously.