Across
- 4. A term describing molecules that interact well with water.
- 6. An enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids.
- 8. A process where two molecules join by removing a water molecule.
- 9. A recessive genetic disorder that causes thick mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive system.
- 14. A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed.
- 17. The genetic makeup of an organism that determines traits.
- 19. When an enzyme loses its shape and function due to extreme conditions.
- 20. The region on an enzyme where a substrate binds and a reaction occurs.
- 23. Programmed cell death that removes damaged or unnecessary cells.
- 24. Molecules that slow down or stop enzyme activity by preventing substrate binding.
- 27. A form of inheritance where traits blend together to form an intermediate phenotype.
- 29. Large molecules made of amino acids that perform essential functions in the body.
- 32. A genetic condition caused by having an extra copy of chromosome 21.
- 33. Structures made of DNA that store genetic information in cells.
- 34. A term describing molecules that do not mix with water.
- 35. A type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions in cells.
- 37. A genetic trait that is only expressed when two copies are present.
- 39. An enzyme that breaks down starch into simple sugars.
- 42. A disorder where red blood cells are abnormally shaped, reducing their ability to carry oxygen.
- 44. The chemical links between amino acids in a protein.
- 45. A condition where the body lacks an enzyme needed to digest milk sugar.
- 46. Having two identical alleles for a specific trait.
- 47. An enzyme that breaks down milk sugar into glucose and galactose.
- 48. Substances that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.
Down
- 1. A group of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.
- 2. A model explaining how enzymes and substrates fit together perfectly.
- 3. The temporary binding of an enzyme and its substrate before the reaction occurs.
- 5. When an inhibitor competes with the substrate for the enzyme’s active site.
- 7. A factor that influences enzyme activity; too high or too low can affect function.
- 10. The cell structure responsible for assembling proteins from mRNA.
- 11. The building blocks of DNA, consisting of a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base.
- 12. The process of copying a gene from DNA into mRNA.
- 13. The physical characteristics of an organism determined by its genes.
- 15. When an inhibitor binds to another part of the enzyme, changing its shape.
- 16. A change in the DNA sequence that may lead to variations in proteins.
- 18. A form of inheritance where both traits are equally expressed.
- 21. The molecule that carries genetic instructions for building proteins.
- 22. The process where ribosomes assemble amino acids into a protein using mRNA.
- 25. A dominant genetic disorder that affects the nervous system and causes loss of movement and memory.
- 26. Changes in DNA that occur in egg or sperm cells and can be passed to offspring.
- 28. The building blocks of proteins, with 20 different types found in the human body.
- 30. A measure of acidity or alkalinity that affects enzyme activity.
- 31. Sections of DNA that contain the instructions for making proteins.
- 36. A protein that acts as a biological catalyst in chemical reactions.
- 38. Different versions of a gene that determine traits.
- 40. Having two different alleles for a specific trait.
- 41. A genetic trait that is always expressed when at least one copy is present.
- 43. A molecule similar to DNA that helps in protein synthesis.