Across
- 1. Satellite-based system providing real-time global positioning.
- 9. Ropes with weights to measure water depth and seabed composition.
- 12. powered by satellite technology like GPS for pinpoint accuracy.
- 15. Scholars who advanced the astrolabe, quadrant, and cartography during the medieval era.
- 16. Radio waves detecting objects’ distance/speed in low visibility.
- 17. Innovators who refined celestial navigation and developed the astrolabe for measuring star positions.
- 20. Polynesian method using environmental cues (waves, wildlife) to navigate.
- 21. Precision tool for measuring star/star angles to find latitude.
- 22. signals Wireless communication and positioning aid for ships.
- 23. Charts plotting star positions for nighttime navigation.
Down
- 2. Pacific navigators who mastered wayfinding, using natural signs (waves, birds, stars) without tools.
- 3. Ancient Mediterranean seafarers who pioneered early navigation using stars, land sightings, and lead lines.
- 4. compass Needle alignment with Earth’s magnetic field to show direction.
- 5. Era when European sailors used magnetic compasses to traverse oceans globally.
- 6. Ancient device to calculate celestial altitudes and latitude.
- 7. Viking tool using shadows to estimate latitude.
- 8. Using stars, sun, or moon to determine direction/location.
- 10. Viking crystal (calcite) that locates the sun through polarized light.
- 11. The science of mapmaking, critical for plotting routes.
- 13. Sailing within visible range of coastlines for orientation.
- 14. chronometer Clock enabling accurate longitude calculation at sea.
- 18. Norse explorers who navigated with sunstones (for polarized light) and shadow boards (crude sundials).
- 19. Simplified astrolabe for measuring star/star angles at sea.