Across
- 2. Step-by-step process for discovering scientific facts through observation and experiment.
- 6. King of France (1643–1715), known as the “Sun King,” who built Versailles and ruled as an absolute monarch.
- 7. A series of treaties in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years’ War, recognized state sovereignty, and altered the political map of Europe.
- 10. A political system in which a ruler holds total, centralized power over government and society.
- 11. Monarchs who came to power in England after the Glorious Revolution (1689) and accepted the English Bill of Rights.
- 12. Supporters of King Charles I during the English Civil War, mainly nobles and royalists.
- 15. Leader of the Roundheads and later Lord Protector of England (1653–1658) under a republican government.
- 17. The English Parliament that sat from 1640 to 1660, opposing King Charles I and leading to the English Civil War.
- 20. The same person known by two titles: Charles I as King of Spain (1516–1556) and Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor (1519–1556). He ruled vast territories in Europe and the Americas.
- 26. King of England (1603–1625), first Stuart monarch, who believed in divine right and often clashed with Parliament.
- 28. King of England (1625–1649) whose conflicts with Parliament led to civil war and his execution.
- 32. English Protestants who sought to “purify” the Church of England from Catholic practices.
- 34. Sun-centered model of the universe.
- 36. A government whose power is defined and limited by a constitution.
- 37. A system in which a ruler’s power is limited by laws or a constitution, often shared with an elected body.
Down
- 1. King of Spain (1556–1598), son of Charles V, who promoted Catholicism, built the Spanish Armada, and oversaw Spain’s Golden Age.
- 3. Family of rulers.
- 4. A 1689 document that limited the powers of the monarchy and outlined the rights of Parliament and individuals.
- 5. Renaissance belief that education and the arts should focus on human potential and achievements.
- 8. Christians in communion with the Pope in Rome; in England, they were often a religious minority facing restrictions.
- 9. Person sent to spread a religion.
- 12. Economic system where businesses are privately owned for profit.
- 13. Government by a small, powerful group, often from the elite or wealthy class.
- 14. Tsar of Russia (1682–1725) who modernized Russia through Westernization and expanded its territory.
- 16. A monarchy in which the ruler’s powers are restricted by law or a constitution.
- 18. The large Spanish fleet sent by Philip II in 1588 to invade England; it was defeated by the English navy and bad weather.
- 19. The process of adopting Western European technology, culture, and ideas, often to modernize a state.
- 21. Sail completely around the world.
- 22. The peaceful overthrow of King James II in 1688, replacing him with William and Mary without major bloodshed.
- 23. In the Catholic Church, a paid pardon for sins.
- 24. The belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from God, making them answerable only to God.
- 25. A powerful royal family that controlled Austria, the Holy Roman Empire, and other European lands for centuries.
- 27. A group of top government ministers who advise the ruler; in England, it evolved to lead policy-making.
- 29. Government run by religious leaders.
- 30. Having full, independent power.
- 31. Economic policy aimed at strengthening a nation by exporting more than importing.
- 33. Supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War, led by Oliver Cromwell, many of them Puritans.
- 35. War between groups within the same country.