Across
- 3. In the early 1970s, this form of digital communication exploded in popularity on ARPAnet after Ray Tomlinson chose the “@” symbol for addressing.
- 6. Company whose Navigator browser became a major Web browser in the mid-1990s and battled Microsoft’s Internet Explorer in “Browser War II.”
- 9. Tim Berners-Lee’s 1980 networked hypertext system at CERN that helped inspire his later invention of the World Wide Web.
- 10. Vannevar Bush’s 1945 concept for a desk-sized machine that let people store information on microfilm and follow “trails” of linked documents — an early inspiration for hypertext and the Web.
- 13. Device first developed in 1949 to let digital signals travel over ordinary voice phone lines by converting data into sounds and back again.
- 14. Tim Berners-Lee’s original name for the system he built at CERN around 1990, including the first browser/editor, URLs, HTML, and a Web server.
Down
- 1. Late-1980s Apple software that let users click “stacks” of linked cards, bringing hypertext back into popularity and foreshadowing how we click around the Web.
- 2. U.S. National Science Foundation network that adopted TCP/IP and linked supercomputer centers and regional networks in the 1980s, helping the Internet become the dominant global standard.
- 4. The late-1960s U.S. research network that first connected different kinds of computers together and became the ancestor of today’s Internet.
- 5. Menu-based Internet system that organized information in folders rather than clickable Web pages; it grew quickly in the early 1990s but lost ground when the Web became free and open.
- 7. This early international text-messaging network used teleprinters over phone lines and became a worldwide way to send typed messages long before email.
- 8. French online service launched in 1981 that gave millions of households free dedicated terminals and access to news, train schedules, chat, and more — often called the first mass “Web.”
- 11. Local network technology created at Xerox PARC in the 1970s to connect office computers, printers, and servers — still a common way to wire offices today.
- 12. Graphical browser developed at NCSA in 1993 that helped popularize the Web by letting ordinary users view pages with images and text together.
- 14. Short-range radio networking technology, branded in 1999 and popularized by Apple’s AirPort and others, that made wireless home and café Internet common.