Across
- 1. The amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C.
- 5. A measure of a spring's stiffness, represented as k in the equation F = kx.
- 8. The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred per unit of time.
- 9. A material or surface that takes in incident thermal radiation rather than reflecting it.
- 12. The single overall force obtained by combining all the individual forces acting on an object.
- 14. The force per unit mass exerted by a gravitational field, represented as g.
- 16. The phase transition in which a solid absorbs thermal energy and turns into a liquid at a constant temperature.
- 17. A shiny or light-colored surface that bounces incident thermal radiation away rather than absorbing it.
- 20. The tendency of matter to change its shape, area, and volume in response to an increase in temperature.
- 21. The unique point through which the entire weight of an object can be considered to act.
- 27. A fundamental measure of the amount of matter in an object, which also dictates its resistance to acceleration.
- 33. The pressure that increases linearly with depth due to the weight of the fluid column above it.
- 36. The total energy stored within a system, encompassing both the microscopic kinetic and potential energies of its particles.
- 37. The transfer of thermal energy via electromagnetic waves (specifically infrared), which requires no physical medium to travel through.
- 40. The gradual phase transition from liquid to gas occurring only at the surface of the liquid, happening at any temperature below the boiling point.
- 42. The random, erratic zigzag movement of microscopic particles suspended in a fluid, caused by collisions with fast-moving atoms or molecules.
- 43. The form of energy an object possesses due to its motion.
- 45. The turning effect of a force about a specific pivot or fulcrum.
- 47. The ratio of an object's mass to its volume, indicating how tightly packed its matter is.
- 51. The ratio of useful energy output to the total energy input, often expressed as a percentage.
- 52. The principle stating that the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the load applied, provided it doesn't exceed its elastic limit.
- 55. The thermal energy required to change the state of 1 kg of a substance without altering its temperature.
- 56. The transfer of thermal energy through a medium via atomic vibrations and particle collisions, without any bulk movement of the material itself.
- 57. A scalar quantity representing the rate at which an object covers distance.
- 58. The rate of change of displacement; effectively, speed in a specified direction.
- 59. The model stating that all matter is made up of tiny, constantly moving particles.
- 60. The amount of energy transferred when a force moves an object over a distance in the direction of the force.
Down
- 2. The fundamental law stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one stored form to another.
- 3. The principle stating that the total momentum of a closed system remains constant before and after a collision.
- 4. Highly mobile valence electrons in metals that allow for rapid electrical and thermal conduction.
- 6. A circulating loop in a fluid driven by thermal differences, where hot, less dense fluid rises and cold, denser fluid sinks.
- 7. The theoretical lowest possible temperature (0 K or -273.15°C), where all molecular kinetic energy ceases.
- 10. The frictional force or drag exerted by air molecules against a moving object.
- 11. The pressure exerted by the weight of the Earth's surrounding air blanket.
- 13. The gravitational force acting on an object's mass.
- 15. Materials that poorly conduct heat due to a lack of free-moving electrons or mobile structures.
- 18. The product of the average force applied to an object and the time interval over which it acts, resulting in a change in momentum.
- 19. The specific point beyond which a material no longer obeys Hooke's Law and extension is no longer linear.
- 22. The constant maximum speed achieved by a falling object when the upward drag force equals the downward force of gravity.
- 23. The energy stored in an object due to its vertical position or height in a gravitational field.
- 24. The net perpendicular force required to keep an object moving in a circular path, directed toward the center.
- 25. The phase transition in which a gas cools down and changes back into a liquid state.
- 26. The downward motion of an object acting solely under the influence of gravity, with no air resistance.
- 28. Quantities that fully describe magnitude only, completely ignoring direction.
- 29. The phase transition in which a liquid releases thermal energy and solidifies into a solid.
- 30. The resistive force exerted by a fluid (liquid or gas) opposing the motion of an object passing through it.
- 31. The attractive or repulsive forces that act between neighboring molecules.
- 32. The force exerted perpendicularly per unit area on a surface.
- 34. The straight-line distance measured from an object's starting point to its final position, including direction.
- 35. The transfer of thermal energy in fluids caused by the bulk movement of the heated fluid itself.
- 38. The resistive force that opposes the relative motion or tendency of motion between two touching surfaces.
- 39. A high-precision instrument used to measure incredibly small diameters or thicknesses, typically down to 0.01 mm.
- 41. An object or surface that releases or gives off thermal radiation into its surroundings.
- 44. A negative acceleration, describing an object that is slowing down.
- 46. The total length of the actual path traveled by an object, regardless of the direction taken.
- 48. The rate at which an object changes its velocity over time.
- 49. The rapid phase transition from liquid to gas occurring throughout the entire volume of the liquid at a specific fixed temperature.
- 50. Physical quantities, like force or velocity, that demand both a magnitude and a specific direction.
- 53. A state in which an object experiences both zero resultant force and zero resultant moment, remaining at rest or in uniform motion.
- 54. The product of an object's mass and its velocity; essentially "mass in motion."