Across
- 1. Sideways cutting erosion that widens a river valley and channel, dominant in the middle and lower courses.
- 4. The chemical dissolving of soluble minerals within rocks (like calcium carbonate in limestone) by slightly acidic water.
- 13. The mechanical scraping or grinding of a rock surface (cliff face or riverbed) as breaking waves or fast-moving currents hurl rocks and sand against it.
- 14. Sustainable, low-impact management practices that work with natural processes to mitigate erosion and flooding.
- 16. The extremely slow horizontal movement of water deep within the saturated zones of permeable bedrock.
- 18. The process where leaves, branches, and forest vegetation catch falling rain before it can hit the ground surface.
- 20. The volume of water flowing through a river channel at any given point, measured dynamically in cubic meters per second (cumecs).
- 21. The section of a storm hydrograph indicating the rapid escalation of a river's discharge as water enters the channel.
- 22. A transport process where small pebbles and coarse sand grains are bounced along a riverbed or seabed by turbulent water currents.
- 24. The deep, downward movement of water filtering past the soil layer into the cracks, joints, and pores of underlying bedrock.
- 25. The installation of disruptive, high-cost man-made concrete and steel defense structures to block or absorb natural marine or river energy.
Down
- 2. The shape, elevation, and steepness of the land surface, varying from flat lowlands to rugged mountainous terrain.
- 3. The absolute maximum volume of water flow reached by a river channel following a heavy rainstorm event.
- 5. The visible physical features characterising an area of land, comprised of physical landforms, human interventions, and changeable conditions.
- 6. A transport method where light, fine sediment particles (like silt and clay) are held up and carried within the main body of the water flow.
- 7. The slow, lateral movement of water flowing sideways through the soil layer toward a river channel.
- 8. Coastal or river erosion caused when fast-moving water forces air into cracks along a rock face, compressing it until the trapping pressure shatters the rock.
- 9. The dropping of accumulated sediment load by a river or sea when its velocity drops, reducing its available energy to transport material.
- 10. The delay or time gap between the peak of a heavy rainfall event and the peak discharge recorded in the nearby river channel.
- 11. Downward cutting erosion that deepens a river channel, dominant in the steep, upper course of a river valley.
- 12. Water that sheets across the surface of the ground when soil is fully saturated or impermeable, flowing directly into streams.
- 14. The transport of minerals dissolved invisibly in the water after chemical weathering processes occur within the channel.
- 15. The structural rock makeup of a landscape, divided into resistant hard rocks (granite, limestone) and weaker soft rocks (clays, sands).
- 17. The down-soaking process where surface water moves vertically into the upper layers of topsoil.
- 19. A transport method where large boulders and heavy rocks are rolled slowly along a riverbed or seabed by the sheer force of the current.
- 23. The erosion process where rock fragments carried by waves or river currents constantly collide into one another, breaking down into smaller, smoother, and rounder pieces.