Across
- 2. Recognition, definition, and response to stimuli (eg, pain) which is influenced by psychological state, past experiences, culture/spirituality, cognitive factors, and others.
- 9. Mu, kappa, beta, and sigma are 4 known types of ____ receptors.
- 10. ____ anesthetics block pain transudction and transmission by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels, preventing the generation and propagation of action potentials.
- 11. NSAIDs block pain _____ by reducing prostaglandins, which sensitize pain sensory neurons.
- 12. This common adverse effect of opioids is typically seen prior to respiratory depression.
- 13. Reductions of heartrate, blood pressure, and respiratory; improved mood; increased mobilization; and appropriate PCA use are indications that pain may be _____
- 14. Increased pain in response to noxious stimuli; may result from peripheral sensitization.
- 15. Pain resulting from non-painful stimuli; may result from peripheral sensitization.
- 16. General anesthetics act on pain _____.
- 18. Presence of family/friends, confusion or cognitive impairments, language & cultural barriers, communication or sensory barriers, fear/trauma/misconceptions related to pain management, are examples of ____ factors that act as barriers to pain management.
- 19. Region in the spinal cord where nociceptors synapse with second order neurons; where pain signals are transmitted and modulated.
- 21. ____ sensitization occurs due to the release of substance P and other mediators to lower the threshold for nociceptor activation, increasing sensitivity.
- 22. The release of substance P and this neurotransmitter from nociceptors stimulates the second order neuron to transmit a pain signal to the brain.
- 23. The most reliable way to produce a therapeutic response in the administration of opioids is through the _____ route.
- 24. Opioids ____ the pain control gate by hyperpolarizing second order neurons, inhibiting the release of glutamate and substance P from first order neurons, inhibiting presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels (1st order neurons), and opening postsynaptic (2nd order) K+ channels (hyperpolarization).
- 25. Opioid agonist which rapidly reverses CNS and respiratory depression related to opioid use; in low doses used to manage opioid-induced pruritis.
Down
- 1. ____ pain is an exacerbation that is relieved with PRN analgesics.
- 3. Endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins are examples of ____ opioids.
- 4. Sedation, cold/clammy skin, discoloured lips/nails, chocking/coughing/gurgling/snoring sounds, extreme pupil contraction, dizziness/disorientation, slow/apneaic/absent breathing, are all signs of opioid ____.
- 5. Neurotransmitter released from descending neurons from the brainstem at the level of the dorsal horn, stimulating inhibitory interneurons to release endogenous opioids.
- 6. Neurotransmitter released from inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal horn to hyperpolarize second order neurons, reducing their sensitivity to noxious stimuli.
- 7. ____ pain may be somatic or visceral pain that is localized to an area of injury; normal physiological response to a painful stimulus or injury.
- 8. Early signs & symptoms include restlessness, anxiety, lacrimation, rhinitis, excess sweating, insomnia, frequent yawning, muscle aches, bone pain; later signs & symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal cramping, goose bumps, nausea & vomiting, dilated pupils, blurry vision, tachycardia, and hypertension.
- 16. ____ pain is acute, nociceptive pain resulting from tissue injury and inflammation from a surgical procedure.
- 17. ____ pain outlasts its protective purpose and shows no significant signs of sympathetic activation.
- 20. Drugs that react with opioid receptors to cause analgesia, sedation, or euphoria.